Ceg chapter 4 generic reference

Generic reference 09/02/11 Generic reference

The two basic types of reference ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],09/02/11 Generic reference

Can someone identify what kind of snake this is? 09/02/11 Generic reference Can anyone identify this snake ? I found it in Lewis's backyard and was scared out of my mind. It’s about 6 feet long. We had tried to contact Animal Control but they said they wouldn't be able to come out until Monday, and we found it Friday afternoon after 5. Scary as hell!!

Interdependence of instance and type ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],09/02/11 Generic reference

Ambiguity ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],09/02/11 Generic reference

this jacket ,[object Object],[object Object],09/02/11 Generic reference

This jacket is our best-selling item. ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],09/02/11 Generic reference

The lion has a mane 09/02/11 Generic reference Female (lioness) A maneless male lion, who also has little body hair—from Tsavo East National Park, Kenya Male lion

The (prototypical) lion has a mane 09/02/11 Generic reference

The lion has a bushy mane. ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],09/02/11 Generic reference

Generic reference ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],09/02/11 Generic reference

Types of individuative and generic reference 09/02/11 Generic reference Form Indefinite singular Individuative reference A lion escaped. Generic reference A lion has a tufted tail. Indefinite plural Lions are roaring near by. Lions have tufted tails. Definite singular The lion came up to us. The lion has a tufted tail. Definite plural The lions are hungry. The Italians love pasta.

Individuative and generic reference 09/02/11 Generic reference ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Exclusiveness of indefinite reference; inclusiveness of definite reference 09/02/11 Generic reference Form Indefinite singular: Individuative reference A lion escaped. Generic reference A lion has a tufted tail. Indefinite plural: Lions are roaring near by. Lions have tufted tails. Definite singular: The lion came up to us. The lion has a tufted tail. Definite plural: The lions are hungry. The Italians love pasta. Exclusive Inclusive

1. Individuative and generic reference of the indefinite singular a ( n ) 09/02/11 Generic reference Form Indefinite singular : Individuative reference A lion escaped. Generic reference A lion has a tufted tail. Indefinite plural: Lions are roaring near by. Lions have tufted tails. Definite singular: The lion came up to us. The lion has a tufted tail. Definite plural: The lions are hungry. The Italians love pasta. Exclusive Inclusive

1. Representative generics: a(n) ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],09/02/11 Generic reference

1. Representative generics: An alligator has a strong bite. 09/02/11 Generic reference … . an arbitrary instance representing a generic type type ‘alligator ’ … ..

1. Representative generics: Grammatical behavior of representative instances ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],09/02/11 Generic reference

1. Representative generics: Imagining a representative generic 09/02/11 Generic reference “ There is an image in the mind, more or less vague, of a single individual, accompanied by a certain knowledge that what is said about this individual would have been equally true if we had chosen another member of the same class instead. […] The generic a- form is at times only a masked individual use. The speaker has often one definite case in mind if he veils his speech in the garb of a generic statement.” (Christophersen 1939)

1. Representative generics: Blending of representative instance and type ,[object Object],09/02/11 Generic reference single indefinite instance (‘a lion ’ ) type (‘lion ’ ) INSTANCE FOR TYPE arbitrary instance representing Input: type Input: instance Blend prototypical subtype (tufted tail) of type (‘lion ’ )

1. Representative generics: Essential vs accidental properties ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],09/02/11 Generic reference

1. Representative generics: Representative instance used in definitions (definitions are based on essential attributes) ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],09/02/11 Generic reference

1. Representative generics: Representative instance used in definitions ,[object Object],09/02/11 Generic reference

1. Representative generics: Representative instance used in definitions 09/02/11 Generic reference

1. Representative generics: What is a – questions (ask for essential attributes) ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],09/02/11 Generic reference

1. Representative generics: Non-human and human generic referents 09/02/11 Generic reference Form Indefinite singular: Non-human subjects A lion likes meat. Human subjects ?An Italian likes pasta. Indefinite plural: Lions like meat. Italians like pasta. Definite singular: The lion likes meat. ?The Italian likes pasta. Definite plural: ?The lions like meat. The Italians like pasta.

1. Representative generics: Humans as representative instances ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],09/02/11 Generic reference

1. Representative generics: Summary ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],09/02/11 Generic reference

2. Individuative and generic reference of the indefinite (bare) plural 09/02/11 Generic reference Form Indefinite singular: Individuative reference A lion escaped. Generic reference A lion has a tufted tail. Indefinite plural: Lions are roaring near by. Lions have tufted tails. Definite singular: The lion came up to us. The lion has a tufted tail. Definite plural: The lions are hungry. The Italians love pasta. Exclusive Inclusive

2. Proportional generics: Cline in quantities invoked by the bare plural ranging from ‘all’ to ‘a few’ ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],09/02/11 Generic reference

2. Proportional generics: Coordination and anaphora with bare plurals ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],09/02/11 Generic reference

2. Proportional generics: Blending of proportional instance and type ,[object Object],09/02/11 Generic reference plural indefinite instance (‘hedgehogs ’ ) type (‘hedgehog ’ ) INSTANCE FOR TYPE salient proportion of type‘s reference mass Input: type Input: instance Blend = subtype of type (‘most hedgehogs ’ )

2. Proportional generics: Generalizations based on other salient aspects ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],09/02/11 Generic reference

2. Proportional generics: Summary ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],09/02/11 Generic reference

3. Individuative and generic reference of the definite singular the 09/02/11 Generic reference Form Indefinite singular: Individuative reference A lion escaped. Generic reference A lion has a tufted tail. Indefinite plural: Lions are roaring near by. Lions have tufted tails. Definite singular: The lion came up to us. The lion has a tufted tail. Definite plural: The lions are hungry. The Italians love pasta. Exclusive Inclusive

3. Kind generics: Well-established kinds ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],09/02/11 Generic reference

3. Kind generics: Imagining a kind generic ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],09/02/11 Generic reference

3. Kind generics: Blending of prototypical instance and type ,[object Object],09/02/11 Generic reference prototypical instance (prototypical lion) definite type (‘lion ’ ) INSTANCE FOR TYPE subtype of type (‘lion ’ ) Input: type Input: instance Blend seen as protypical instance

3. Kind generics: Eventive predicates with a species? ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],09/02/11 Generic reference

3. Kind generics: Constraints within taxonomic hierarchies ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],09/02/11 Generic reference

3. Kind generics: Constraints within the Great Chain of Beings (Lakoff & Turner 1989) ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],09/02/11 Generic reference

3. Kind generics: Summary ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],09/02/11 Generic reference

4. Individuative and generic reference of the definite plural the 09/02/11 Generic reference Form Indefinite singular: Individuative reference A lion escaped. Generic reference A lion has a tufted tail. Indefinite plural: Lions are roaring near by. Lions have tufted tails. Definite singular: The lion came up to us. The lion has a tufted tail. Definite plural: The lions are hungry. The Italians love pasta. Exclusive Inclusive

4. Delimited generics vs. proportional generics ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],09/02/11 Generic reference

4. Delimited generic: Blending of delimited instance and type ,[object Object],09/02/11 Generic reference definite plural instance (‘the Italians) type (‘Italian ’ ) INSTANCE FOR TYPE delimited set Input: type Input: instance Blend = subtype of type (‘Italians of Italy ’ )

4a. Property generics: A subtype of delimited generics ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],09/02/11 Generic reference

Delimited generics vs. proportional generics ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],09/02/11 Generic reference

4. Delimited generics: Non-human and human generics 09/02/11 Generic reference Form Indefinite singular: Non-human subjects A lion likes meet. Human subjects ?An Italian likes pasta. Indefinite plural: Lions like meet. Italians like pasta. Definite singular: The lion likes meet. ?The Italian likes pasta. Definite plural : ?The lions like meet. The Italians like pasta.

4. Delimited generics: Summary ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],09/02/11 Generic reference

Conclusions ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],09/02/11 Generic reference

Types of generic reference in English 09/02/11 Generic reference 1. A lion likes meat. 2. Lions like meat. 3. The lion likes meat. 4. The Italians like pasta. Generic type Generic form Inclusiveness Exclusivenes Generic meaning 1. Representative generic Indef. Singular Exclusive Arbitrary instance representing its type 2. Proportional generic Indef. Plural Exclusive Salient proportion of the type’s reference mass 3. Kind generic Def. Singular Inclusive Prototype of well-established kind 4. Delimited generic Def. Plural Inclusive Delimited set within a domain (mainly human groupings)

References ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],09/02/11 Generic reference

References ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],09/02/11 Generic reference

Ceg chapter 4 generic reference

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Ceg chapter 4 generic reference