How the history of cellular technology helps us understand 4G technology and business models and their likely impact on wireless broadband Including: Brief history of cellular wireless telephony > Radio technology: TDMA, CDMA, OFDMA > Mobile core network architectures Demographics & market trends today > 3.5G, WiMAX, LTE & 4G migration paths Implications for the next 2-5 years

1. Our G-enealogy
Brough Turner
Founder & CTO
Ashtonbrooke.com
broughturner@gmail.com
http://blogs.broughturner.com

2. Our G-enealogy
How the history of cellular technology helps us
understand 4G technology and business models
and their likely impact on wireless broadband
• Brief history of cellular wireless telephony
– Radio technology: TDMA, CDMA, OFDMA
– Mobile core network architectures
• Demographics & market trends today
– 3.5G, WiMAX, LTE & 4G migration paths
• Implications for the next 2-5 years
2

3. Our G-enealogy
How the history of cellular technology helps us
understand 4G technology and business models
and their likely impact on wireless broadband
• Brief history of cellular wireless telephony
– Radio technology: TDMA, CDMA, OFDMA
– Mobile core network architectures
Google
• Demographics & market trends today “3G Tutorial”
– 3.5G, WiMAX, LTE & 4G migration paths “4G Tutorial”
• Implications for the next 2-5 years
3

4. Outrageous ideas
• 5 GHz spectrum better than 700 MHz
• 2020: LTE* >80%; WiMAX* <15%
– * i.e. LTE family of networks vs WiMAX evolution
• Should ask: Wi-Fi vs LTE + WiMAX
– e.g. user owned versus service provider owned
• Value of TV white spaces: Secondary access
• Open 3 GHz – 10 GHz to all
– License exempt on secondary access basis
4

5. Mobiles overtake fixed
Source: ITU World ICT Indicators, June 2008
5

6. Mobile Generations
G Summary Data Rates
1 Analog Typical 2.4 Kbps; max 22 Kbps
2 Digital – TDMA, CDMA 9.6 - 14.4 Kbps (circuit data)
GPRS – mux packets in
2.5 voice timeslots
15 - 40 Kbps
50 – 144 Kbps (1xRTT);
Improved modulation,
3 using CDMA variants
200 – 384 Kbps (UMTS);
500 Kbps – 2.4 Mbps (EVDO)
2–14 Mbps (HSPA), then 28 Mbps
3.5 More modulation tweaks
& 42/84 Mbps future evolution
New modulation (OFDMA); LTE: potentially >100 Mbps with
4 Multi-path (MIMO); All IP adequate spectrum (20 MHz)
6

7. Enormous technology change
7

8. Enormous technology change
but
commercial issues trump technology
8

9. Enormous technology change
but
commercial issues trump technology
and
legal-regulatory trumps all
9

10. Origins of Wireless Communications
• 1864: James Clark Maxwell
– Predicts existence of radio waves
• 1886: Heinrich Rudolph Hertz
– Demonstrates radio waves
• 1895-1901: Guglielmo Marconi
– Demonstrates wireless communications over
increasing distances
• Also in the 1890s
– Nikola Tesla, Alexander Stepanovich Popov,
Jagdish Chandra Bose and others, demonstrate
forms of wireless communications
10

11. Origins of Wireless Communications
• 1864: James Clark Maxwell
– Predicts existence of radio waves
• 1886: Heinrich Rudolph Hertz
– Demonstrates radio waves
• 1895-1901: Guglielmo Marconi
– Demonstrates wireless communications over
increasing distances
• Also in the 1890s
– Nikola Tesla, Alexander Stepanovich Popov,
Jagdish Chandra Bose and others, demonstrate
forms of wireless communications
11

12. First Mobile Radio Telephone, 1924
Courtesy of Rich Howard
12

13. Cellular Mobile Telephony
Antenna diversity
Cellular concept
● Bell Labs (1957 & 1960) 2 7
3 5 2
Frequency reuse 1 6 3
4 1 6
● typically every 7 cells 2 7 4
5 2 7
Handoff as caller moves 3 5
1 6 3
Modified CO switch 4 1
2 7
● HLR, paging, handoffs 5
13

14. Cellular Mobile Telephony
Antenna diversity
Cellular concept
● Bell Labs (1957 & 1960) 2 7
3 5 2
Frequency reuse 1 6 3
4 1 6
● typically every 7 cells 2 7 4
5 2 7
Handoff as caller moves 3 5
1 6 3
Modified CO switch 4 1
2 7
● HLR, paging, handoffs 5
14

15. Cellular Mobile Telephony
Antenna diversity
Cellular concept
● Bell Labs (1957 & 1960) 2 7
3 5 2
Frequency reuse 1 6 3
4 1 6
● typically every 7 cells 2 7 4
5 2 7
Handoff as caller moves 3 5
1 6 3
Modified CO switch 4 1
2 7
● HLR, paging, handoffs 5
Sectors improve reuse
● every 3 cells possible
15

16. First Generation (nearly all retired)
• Advanced Mobile Phone Service (AMPS)
– US trials 1978; deployed in Japan (’79) & US (’83)
– 800 MHz; two 20 MHz bands; TIA-553
• Nordic Mobile Telephony (NMT)
– Sweden, Norway, Demark & Finland
– Launched 1981
– 450 MHz; later at 900 MHz (NMT900)
• Total Access Communications System (TACS)
– British design; similar to AMPS; deployed 1985
16

17. 2nd Generation – digital systems
• Leverage technology to increase capacity
– Speech compression; digital signal processing
• Utilize/extend “Intelligent Network” concepts
– Improve fraud prevention; Add new services
• Wide diversity of 2G systems
– IS-54/ IS-136 Digital AMPS; PDC (Japan)
– DECT and PHS; iDEN
– IS-95 CDMA (cdmaOne)
– GSM
17

18. 2G “CDMA” (cdmaOne)
• Code Division Multiple Access
– all users share same frequency band
– discussed in detail later as CDMA is basis for 3G
• Qualcomm demo in 1989
– claimed improved capacity & simplified planning
• First deployment in Hong Kong late 1994
• Major success in Korea (1M subs by 1996)
• Adopted by Verizon and Sprint in US
• Easy migration to 3G (same modulation)
18

19. GSM – Global System for Mobile
• Originally “Groupe Spécial Mobile ”
– joint European effort beginning 1982
– Focus: seamless roaming all Europe
• Services launched 1991
– time division multiple access (8 users per 200KHz)
– 900 MHz band; later 1800 MHz; then 850/1900 MHz
• GSM – dominant world standard today
– well defined interfaces; many competitors; lowest
cost to deploy
– network effect took hold in late 1990s
19

20. GSM Dominant Today
• GSM+3GSM used by 88% of subscribers worldwide
• Asia leads with 42% of all mobile subscriptions
– AT&T and T-Mobile use GSM/3GSM in US today
GSM Subscribers
Source: Wireless Intelligence / GSM Association
20

21. GSM substantially enhanced
Widely deployed significant payback for enhancements
• HSCSD - high speed circuit-switched data
• GPRS - general packet radio service
• Synchronization between cells
– Minimize interference; help fix mobile’s location
• AMR vocoder – increase capacity (& fidelity)
• Frequency hopping (to overcome fading)
• Discontinuous transmission (more calls/ cell)
• Cell overlays with reuse partioning
21

22. 1G, 2G, 3G Multi-Access Technologies
Courtesy of Petri Possi, UMTS World
22

23. 1G, 2G, 3G Multi-Access Technologies
Courtesy of Petri Possi, UMTS World
4G and future wireless systems optimize a
combination of frequency, time and coding
e.g. OFDMA & SC-FDMA (discussed later)
23

24. 2G & 3G – Code Division Multiple Access
• Spread spectrum modulation
– originally developed for the military
– resists jamming and many kinds of interference
– coded modulation hidden from those w/o the code
• All users share same (large) block of spectrum
– one for one frequency reuse
– soft handoffs possible
• All 3G radio standards based on CDMA
– CDMA2000, W-CDMA and TD-SCDMA
24

25. Courtesy of Suresh Goyal & Rich Howard
25

26. 26

27. Courtesy of Suresh Goyal & Rich Howard
27

28. Courtesy of Suresh Goyal & Rich Howard
28

29. The 3G Vision
• Universal global roaming
– Sought 1 standard (not 7), (but got 3:
3GSM, CDMA 2000 & TD-SCDMA)
• Increased data rates
• Multimedia (voice, data & video)
• Increased capacity (more spectrally efficient)
• Data-centric architecture (ATM at first, later IP)
29

30. The 3G Vision
• Universal global roaming
– Sought 1 standard (not 7), (but got 3:
3GSM, CDMA 2000 & TD-SCDMA)
• Increased data rates
• Multimedia (voice, data & video)
• Increased capacity (more spectrally efficient)
• Data-centric architecture (ATM at first, later IP)
• But deployment took much longer than expected
– No killer data app; new spectrum costly; telecom bubble
burst; much of the vision was vendor-driven
30

31. 3G Radio technology today
• CDMA 2000 – Multi Carrier CDMA
– Evolution of IS-95 CDMA; but now a dead end
• UMTS (W-CDMA, HSPA) – Direct Spread CDMA
– Defined by 3GPP
• TD-SCDMA – Time Division Synchronous CDMA
– Defined by Chinese Academy of Telecommunications
Technology under the Ministry of Information Industry
31

32. 3G Radio technology today
• CDMA 2000 – Multi Carrier CDMA
– Evolution of IS-95 CDMA; but now a dead end
• UMTS (W-CDMA, HSPA) – Direct Spread CDMA
– Defined by 3GPP Paired spectrum bands
• TD-SCDMA – Time Division Synchronous CDMA
– Defined by Chinese Academy of Telecommunications
Technology under the Ministry of Information Industry
Single spectral band with time division duplexing
32

33. Why CDMA 2000 lost out
• Had better migration story from 2G to 3G
– Evolution from original Qualcomm CDMA (IS-95)
– cdmaOne operators didn’t need additional spectrum
• Higher data rates than UMTS, at least at first
• Couldn’t compete with GSM’s critical mass
– Last straw when Verizon Wireless selected 3GPP’s
Long Term Evolution (LTE) for their 4G network
– Verizon selection 11/07
– Qualcomm abandons further development 11/08
33

34. 3GPP (3rd Generation Partnership Project)
Japan
USA
• Partnership of 6 regional standards groups, which
translate 3GPP specifications to regional standards
• Controls evolution of GSM, 3GSM (UMTS, WCDMA, HSPA) & LTE
34
34

35. UMTS (3GSM) is market leader
• GSM evolution: W-CDMA, HSDPA, HSPA, +…
– leverages GSM’s dominant position
• Legally mandated in Europe and elsewhere
• Requires substantial new spectrum
– 5 MHz each way (symmetric) at a minimum
• Slow start (was behind CDMA 2000), but now the
accepted leader
– Network effect built on GSM’s >80% market share
35

36. UMTS (3GSM) is market leader
• GSM evolution: W-CDMA, HSDPA, HSPA, +…
– leverages GSM’s dominant position
• Legally mandated in Europe and elsewhere
• Requires substantial new spectrum
– 5 MHz each way (symmetric) at a minimum
• Slow start (was behind CDMA 2000), but now the
accepted leader
– Network effect built on GSM’s >80% market share
– Surely LTE will benefit in the same fashion…
36

37. TD-SCDMA
(Time division synchronous CDMA)
• Chinese development
– IPR bargaining tool with West? Late to market, but
big deployment plans
• Single spectral band
– unpaired spectrum; as little as 1.6 MHz; time
division duplex (TDD) with high spectral efficiency;
good match for asymmetrical traffic!
• Power amplifiers must be very linear
– relatively hard to meet specifications
37

38. China 3G
• Largest mobile market in world (630 M subs)
– Largest population in world (1.3 billion)
• Home-brew 3G standard: TD-SCDMA
– 3G licenses were delayed until TD-SCDMA worked
– 2008 trials: 10 cities, 15K BSs & 60K handsets
• 3G granted January 2009
– China Mobile: TD-SCDMA
– China Unicom: 3GSM (UMTS)
– China Telecom: CDMA 2000
38

39. 3G Adoption – DoCoMo Japan
2G: mova
3G: FOMA
39

40. 3G Adoption – DoCoMo Japan
2G: mova
3G: FOMA
Potential to
discontinue
2G services
in 2010 …
40

41. 3G Subscribers (2Q 2008)
• 18% on 3G; 82% on 2G; 0.01% on 1G
• EU & US 3G penetration approaching 30%
3-month averages
ending June 2008
& June 2007
All mobile
subscribers
ages 13+
Source: comScore MobiLens
41

42. 3G Subscribers (2Q 2008)
• 18% on 3G; 82% on 2G; 0.01% on 1G
• EU & US 3G penetration approaching 30%
• US penetration rate soaring
3-month averages
ending June 2008
& June 2007
All mobile
subscribers
ages 13+
Source: comScore MobiLens
42

43. 3G data-only subscribers
• Soaring adoption of 3G “USB Data Modems”
– 92% of all 3G data bytes in Finland in 2H07
• Informa on EU 3G devices, May 2008
– 101.5M 3G devices:
64 M handsets, 37M 3G data modems
• In-Stat/ ABI Research
– In-Stat: 5M cellular modems in 2006
– ABI Research 300% growth in 2007, i.e. 20M?
Enormous growth, from a relatively small base…
43

44. Diverse Mobile Wireless Spectrum
44

45. Wireless Migration
45

46. OFDM →OFDMA
MIMO
4G
Wireless capacity / throughput
LTE
3G WiMAX
Wi-Fi
2G y
UMTS/HSPA cit
a
cap
First cell CDMA and
GSM p ut
phones gh
thro u
in g
AMPS reas
I nc
1970 1980 1990 2000 2010
46

47. OFDM →OFDMA
MIMO
4G
Wireless capacity / throughput
LTE
3G WiMAX
Wi-Fi
2G y
UMTS/HSPA cit
a
cap
First cell CDMA and
GSM p ut
phones gh
thro u
in g
AMPS reas
I nc
1970 1980 1990 2000 2010
47

48. ITU-T Framework
Pervasive connectivity
WLAN - WMAN - WWAN
ITU-T – United Nations 3GPP – WWAN (wireless wide
telecommunications standards area network)
organization IEEE 802.16 – WMAN (wireless
Accepts detailed standards metropolitan area network)
contributions from 3GPP, IEEE IEEE 802.11 – WLAN (wireless
and other groups local area network)
48

49. ITU Mobile Telecommunications
• IMT-2000
– Global standard for third generation (3G) wireless
– Detailed specifications from 3GPP, 3GPP2, ETSI and others
• IMT-Advanced
– New communications framework: deployment ~2010 to 2015
– Data rates to reach around 100 Mbps for high mobility and
1 Gbps for nomadic networks (i.e. WLANs)
– High mobility case via either or both evolved LTE & WiMAX
– 802.11ac and 802.11ad
addressing the nomadic case
49

50. LTE highlights
• Sophisticated multiple access schemes
– DL: OFDMA with Cyclic Prefix (CP)
– UL: Single Carrier FDMA (SC-FDMA) with CP
• Adaptive modulation and coding
– QPSK, 16QAM, and 64QAM
– 1/3 coding rate, two 8-state constituent encoders,
and a contention-free internal interleaver
• Advanced MIMO spatial multiplexing
– (2 or 4) x (2 or 4) downlink and uplink
50

51. 4G Technology – OFDMA
• Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access
– Supercedes CDMA used in all 3G variants
• OFDMA = Orthogonal Frequency Division
Multiplexing (OFDM) plus statistical multiplexing
– Optimization of time, frequency & code multiplexing
• OFDM already deployed in 802.11a & 802.11g
– Took Wi-Fi from 11 Mbps to 54 Mbps & beyond
51

52. Orthogonal Frequency Division
Multiplexing
– Many closely-spaced sub-carriers, chosen to be orthogonal,
thus eliminating inter-carrier interference
52

53. Orthogonal Frequency Division
Multiplexing
– Many closely-spaced sub-carriers, chosen to be orthogonal,
thus eliminating inter-carrier interference
– Varies bits per sub-carrier based on instantaneous received
power
53

54. Statistical Multiplexing (in OFDMA)
• Dynamically allocate user data to sub-carriers based
on instantaneous data rates and varying sub-carrier
capacities
• Highly efficient use of spectrum
• Robust against fading, e.g. for mobile operation
54

55. FDMA vs. OFDMA
• OFDMA more frequency efficient
• Dynamically map traffic to frequencies
based on their instantaneous
throughput
Guard Channel
band
FDMA OFDMA
55

56. 4G Technology - MIMO
Multiple Input Multiple Output smart antenna technology
Multiple paths improve link reliability and increase
spectral efficiency (bps per Hz), range and directionality
56

57. Municipal Multipath Environment
57

58. SDMA = Smart Antenna Technologies
• Beamforming
– Use multiple-antennas to
spatially shape the beam
• Spatial Multiplexing a.k.a.
Collaborative MIMO
– Multiple streams transmitted
– Multi-antenna receivers
separate the streams to
achieve higher throughput
– On uplink, multiple single-
antenna stations can transmit
simultaneously 2x2 Collaborative MIMO
give 2x peak data rate by
• Space-Time Codes transmitting two data
– Transmit diversity such as streams
Alamouti code reduces fading
58

59. 4G Technology – SC-FDMA
• Single carrier multiple access
– Used for LTE uplinks
– Being considered for 802.16m uplink
• Similar structure and performance to OFDMA
– Single carrier modulation with DFT-spread
orthogonal frequency multiplexing and FD
equalization
• Lower Peak to Average Power Ratio (PAPR)
– Improves cell-edge performance
– Transmit efficiency conserves handset battery life
59

60. Key Features of WiMAX and LTE
• OFDMA (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access)
• Users are allocated a slice in time and frequency
• Flexible, dynamic per user resource allocation
• Base station scheduler for uplink and downlink resource allocation
– Resource allocation information conveyed on a frame‐by frame basis
• Support for TDD (time division duplex) and FDD (frequency division
duplex)
TDD: single frequency channel for uplink and downlink
DL
UL
DL
FDD
UL Paired channels
60

61. 3G/4G Comparison
Peak Data Rate (Mbps) Access time
(msec)
Downlink Uplink
HSPA (today) 14 Mbps 2 Mbps 50-250 msec
HSPA (Release 7) MIMO 2x2 28 Mbps 11.6 Mbps 50-250 msec
HSPA + (MIMO, 64QAM 42 Mbps 11.6 Mbps 50-250 msec
Downlink)
WiMAX Release 1.0 TDD (2:1 40 Mbps 10 Mbps 40 msec
UL/DL ratio), 10 MHz channel
LTE (Release 8), 5+5 MHz 43.2 Mbps 21.6 Mbps 30 msec
channel
61

62. WiMAX vs. LTE
• Commonalities
– IP-based
– OFDMA and MIMO
– Similar data rates and channel widths
• Differences
– Carriers are able to set requirements for LTE
through organizations like NGMN and LSTI, but
cannot do this as easily at the IEEE-based 802.16
– LTE backhaul is, at least partially, designed to
support legacy services while WiMAX assumes
greenfield deployments
62

63. Commercial Issues
LTE WiMAX
• Deployments likely • 2-3 year lead, likely
slower than projected maintained for years
But • Dedicated spectrum in
• Eventual migration path many countries
for GSM/3GSM, i.e. for > But
80% share • Likely < 15% share by
• Will be lowest cost & 2020 & thus more costly
dominant in 2020
63

64. 3G Partnership Project
Defines migration GSM to UMTS/ 3GSM to LTE
Specs First
Release complete deployed Major new features defined
98 1998 Last purely 2G GSM release
99 1Q 2000 2003 W-CDMA air interface
4 2Q 2001 2004 Softswitching IP in core network
5 1Q 2002 2006 HSDPA & IP Multimedia System (IMS)
6 4Q 2004 2007 HSUPA, MBMS, GAN, PoC & WLAN integration
7 4Q 2007 future HSPA+, Better latency & QoS for VoIP
8 4Q 2008 future LTE, All-IP
W-CDMA – Wideband CDMA modulation
HSxPA – High Speed (Download/Upload) Packet Access
MBMS – Multimedia Broadcast Multicast Service
GAN – Generic Access Network
PoC – Push-to-talk over Cellular
LTE – Long Term Evolution, a new air interface based on OFDM modulation
64

65. 3G Partnership Project
Defines migration GSM to UMTS/ 3GSM to LTE
Specs First
Release complete deployed Major new features defined
98 1998 Last purely 2G GSM release
99 1Q 2000 2003 W-CDMA air interface
4 2Q 2001 2004 Softswitching IP in core network
5 1Q 2002 2006 HSDPA & IP Multimedia System (IMS)
6 4Q 2004 2007 HSUPA, MBMS, GAN, PoC & WLAN integration
7 4Q 2007 future HSPA+, Better latency & QoS for VoIP
8 4Q 2008 * future LTE, All-IP
W-CDMA – Wideband CDMA modulation * Rush job?
HSxPA – High Speed (Download/Upload) Packet Access
MBMS – Multimedia Broadcast Multicast Service
GAN – Generic Access Network
PoC – Push-to-talk over Cellular
LTE – Long Term Evolution, a new air interface based on OFDM modulation
65

66. Core Network Architectures
• Two widely deployed architectures today
• 3GPP evolved from GSM-MAP
– Used by GSM & 3GSM operators (88% of subs globally)
– “Mobile Application Part” defines signaling for mobility,
authentication, etc.
• 3GPP2 evolved from ANSI-41 MAP
– ANSI-41 used with AMPS, TDMA & CDMA 2000
– GAIT (GSM ANSI Interoperability Team) allowed
interoperation, i.e., roaming
• Evolving to common “all IP” vision based on 3GPP
66

67. Typical 2G Mobile Architecture
PSDN
BSC
BTS
BSC HLR SMS-SC
BSC
MSC/VLR
PLMN
MSC/VLR
BSC
BTS Base Transceiver Station
BSC Base Station Controller
GMSC
Tandem PSTN Tandem
CO CO
CO MSC Mobile Switching Center
VLR Visitor Location Register
HLR Home Location Register
67

68. Separation of Signaling & Transport
• Like PSTN, 2G mobile networks have one network
plane for voice circuits and another network plane for
signaling
• Some elements reside only in the signaling plane
– HLR, VLR, SMS Center, …
HLR SMS-SC
MSC Signaling Plane (SS7)
VLR MSC
MSC
Transport Plane (Voice)
68

69. Signaling in Core Network
• Based on SS7
– ISUP and specific Application Parts
• GSM MAP and ANSI-41 services
– mobility, call-handling, O&M, authentication,
supplementary services, SMS, …
• Location registers for mobility management
– HLR: home location register has permanent data
– VLR: visitor location register – local copy for
roamers
69

70. PSTN-to-Mobile Call
PLMN PLMN PSTN
(Visitor) (Home)
(SCP) HLR
Signaling SCP
over SS7 Where is the subscriber?
MAP/ IS41 (over TCAP)
ISUP (STP)
4 2
Provide Roaming 3
5
Routing Info
VMSC 6 GMSC 1
IAM IAM
MS BSS (SSP) (SSP) (STP) (SSP)
VLR
514 581 ...
70

71. GSM 2G Architecture
BSS NSS
E PSTN
Abis
A
PSTN
B
BSC C
MS MSC GMSC
D
BTS VLR
SS7
H
HLR
AuC
BSS Base Station System NSS Network Sub-System
BTS Base Transceiver Station MSC Mobile-service Switching Controller
BSC Base Station Controller VLR Visitor Location Register
MS Mobile Station HLR Home Location Register GSM Global System for Mobile communication
AuC Authentication Server
GMSC Gateway MSC
71

72. 2.5G Architectural Detail
2G MS (voice only)
BSS NSS
E PSTN
Abis
A
PSTN
B
BSC C
MS MSC GMSC
D
BTS VLR
SS7
H
HLR
AuC
BSS Base Station System NSS Network Sub-System
BTS Base Transceiver Station MSC Mobile-service Switching Controller
BSC Base Station Controller VLR Visitor Location Register
HLR Home Location Register
AuC Authentication Server
GMSC Gateway MSC
72

73. 2.5G Architectural Detail
2G MS (voice only)
BSS NSS
E PSTN
Abis
A
PSTN
B
BSC C
MS MSC GMSC
D
BTS VLR
Gs
SS7
H
Gb
2G+ MS (voice&data)
Gr HLR
AuC
Gc
Gn Gi
PSDN
SGSN IP GGSN
BSS Base Station System NSS Network Sub-System SGSN Serving GPRS Support Node
BTS Base Transceiver Station MSC Mobile-service Switching Controller GGSN Gateway GPRS Support Node
BSC Base Station Controller VLR Visitor Location Register
HLR Home Location Register GPRS General Packet Radio Service
AuC Authentication Server
GMSC Gateway MSC
73

74. 3G rel99 Architecture (UMTS)
2G MS (voice only)
CN
BSS
E PSTN
Abis
A
PSTN
B
BSC C
MSC GMSC
Gb D
BTS VLR
Gs
SS7
H
2G+ MS (voice & data)
IuCS
RNS
Gr HLR
AuC
ATM Gc
Iub
IuPS
Gn Gi
PSDN
RNC IP
SGSN GGSN
Node B
3G UE (voice & data)
BSS Base Station System CN Core Network SGSN Serving GPRS Support Node
BTS Base Transceiver Station MSC Mobile-service Switching Controller GGSN Gateway GPRS Support Node
BSC Base Station Controller VLR Visitor Location Register
HLR Home Location Register UMTS Universal Mobile Telecommunication System
RNS Radio Network System
AuC Authentication Server
RNC Radio Network Controller
GMSC Gateway MSC
74

75. 3G rel4 - Soft Switching
2G MS (voice only)
CN
CS-MGW
Nb
BSS
CS-MGW
A
Abis Nc PSTN PSTN
Mc
Mc
B
BSC C
MSC Server GMSC server
Gb D
BTS VLR
Gs SS7
H
2G+ MS (voice & data)
IuCS
RNS IP/ATM
Gr HLR
AuC
ATM Gc
Iub
IuPS
Gn Gi
PSDN
RNC
SGSN GGSN
Node B
3G UE (voice & data)
BSS Base Station System CN Core Network SGSN Serving GPRS Support Node
BTS Base Transceiver Station MSC Mobile-service Switching Controller GGSN Gateway GPRS Support Node
BSC Base Station Controller VLR Visitor Location Register
HLR Home Location Register
RNS Radio Network System AuC Authentication Server
RNC Radio Network Controller GMSC Gateway MSC
75

76. 3GPP rel5 ― IP Multimedia
2G MS (voice only)
CN
CS-MGW
Nb
BSS
CS-MGW
A/IuCS
Abis Nc PSTN PSTN
Mc
Mc
B
BSC C
MSC Server GMSC server
Gb/IuPS D
BTS VLR
Gs SS7
H
2G+ MS (voice & data) ATM
IuCS
RNS IP/ATM
Gr HSS
AuC
Gc
Iub
IuPS
Gn Gi
IP Network
RNC
SGSN GGSN
Node B
3G UE (voice & data) IM-MGW
IM
IM IP Multimedia sub-system Gs PSTN
MRF Media Resource Function IP
Mc
CSCF Call State Control Function Mg
MRF
MGCF Media Gateway Control Function (Mc=H248,Mg=SIP) MGCF
IM-MGW IP Multimedia-MGW
CSCF
76

77. 3GPP2 Defines IS-41 Evolution
• 3rd Generation Partnership Project “Two”
– Evolution of IS-41 to “all IP” more direct (skips ATM
stage), but not any faster
– Goal of ultimate merger (3GPP + 3GPP2) remains
• 1xRTT – IP packets (like GPRS)
• 1xEVDO – Evolution data-optimized
• 1xEVDV – abandoned
• 3x – Triples radio data rates
• Universal Mobile Broadband (UMB) –
abandoned
77

78. NextGen Networks (NGN) Converging
3GPP IMS R7
Following 3GPP lead Packet Cable 2.0
ATIS NGN FG
ITU-T NGN FG
TISPAN R1
3GPP2 MMD
3GPP IMS R6
3GPP IMS R5
3GPP Release 4
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
3GPP2 — CDMA2000 multi-media domain (MMD) based on 3GPP IMS R5
TISPAN — evolves NGN architecture for fixed networks based on 3GPP IMS
ITU-T NGN Focus Group — venue to make TISPAN NGN a global spec
ATIS NGN Focus Group — formally collaborating with ETSI as of April 2005
PacketCable Release 2.0 — aligning with portions of 3GPP
78

79. 3GPP R7 / TISPAN IMS
79

80. IMS / NGN Vision
• One core network for “any access”
– Based on IP, using IETF standards, with extensions
– Wireline and wireless transparency
• Access and bandwidth will be commodities;
services are the differentiator
– Per-session control supports per-application quality
of service (QoS) and per-application billing
• Voice is just application
– “Easily” integrated with other applications…
80

81. IMS Story: Convergence
Traditional Services IMS Services
TV Caller ID Phone Tools Push to Talk
TV Caller ID Phone Tools Push to Talk
Application Application Application
Application Application Application
OSS/ BSS
Subscriber Subscriber
Subscriber Subscriber Data
OSS/ BSS
OSS/ BSS
Data Data
OSS/ BSS
Data
Media Media Media
Functions Functions Functions
Media Functions
Access Access Access
Delivery Delivery Delivery
IP Multimedia Subsystem
Packet Wireless Wifi Packet Wifi
Wireline Wireline Wireless
Cable WiMax Cable WiMax
Source: Team Analysis, Lucent
81

82. IMS / NGN Value Proposition
• Generate new revenue from new services
– Per-session control allows IMS to guarantee QoS
for each IP session, and enables differential billing
for applications & content
• Reduce capital spending
– Converge all services on common infrastructure
– Focus limited resources on core competencies
• To date, mobile operators have had no
incentive to deploy IMS for voice services
82

83. LTE and IMS
• LTE is an all-IP network
– Not compatible with legacy voice services
– Assumes the use of IP Multimedia System (IMS)
• Initial LTE networks will be data only
• Initial LTE handsets will be
multi-modal, supporting HSPA and
earlier systems for voice telephony
• VOLGA Forum working on a fix
– Voice over LTE via Generic Access
83

84. Long Term Parallels: IN & IMS
Intelligent Network
• Free operators from equipment provider lock-in
• Separate applications from basic call control
• Open protocols and APIs for applications
84

85. Long Term Parallels: IN & IMS
Intelligent Network
• Free operators from equipment provider lock-in
• Separate applications from basic call control
• Open protocols and APIs for applications
Intelligent Network Application Successes
• FreePhone, Mobile (HLR), Pre-paid, Voice mail, …
• 15 year summary:
A few applications, very widely deployed
85

86. LTE’s System Architecture Evolution (SAE)
RAN (Radio access network)
SGSN (Serving GPRS Support Node)
PCRF (policy and charging function)
HSS (Home Subscriber Server) Diagram by Huawei
MME (Mobility Management Entity)
SAE (System Architecture Evolution)
86

87. Mobile Service Revenues
• > $800 billion in 2007, growing 6%-7% per year
– > $1 trillion by 2012
• Voice services dominate: 81%
• SMS services: 9.5% ; All other non-voice services: 9.5%
Source: Portio Research
87

88. Images courtesy of Jon Stern
88

89. Mobile Services Futures
• Affordable open mobile Internet access coming
– Five competing 3.5G operators in US by 2010
– Smart phone penetration soaring
• Operators’ control of handset software slipping
– iPhone and Android application stores, initiatives for
Symbian, WinMobile, Adobe AIR, etc.
89

90. The Internet is the killer platform
• Mobile Internet access
driving 3G data usage
• Future business models
an open question
• Slides from yesterday’s
Mobile Broadband
discussion, are available
90

91. Enormous technology change
but
commercial issues trump technology
and
legal-regulatory trumps all
91

92. Outrageous ideas
• 5 GHz spectrum better than 700 MHz
• 2020: LTE* >80%; WiMAX* <15%
– * i.e. LTE family of networks vs WiMAX evolution
• Should ask: Wi-Fi vs LTE + WiMAX
• Value of TV white spaces: Secondary access
• Open 3 GHz – 10 GHz to all
– License exempt on secondary access basis
92

93. Thank you !
Brough Turner
broughturner@gmail.com
http://blogs.broughturner.com

94. The content organized here includes
material contributions from:
• Fanny Mlinarsky, octoScope
• Marc Orange, Interphase (formerly w/ NMS Communications)
• Murtaza Amiji, Tellme (A Microsoft Subsidiary)
• Samuel S. May, Price Waterhouse Coopers
– Formerly with US Bancorp Piper Jaffray
• Charles Cooper, dLR
and many others, as noted on specific slides
94