Biodiversity at work for resilient livelihood systems

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A presentation delivered by Stefano Padulosi in honor of Bioversity International's 40th Anniversary, focusing on diversifying crops in communities to increase productivity emphasizing underutilized grains. Find out more about this research: http://www.bioversityinternational.org/research-portfolio/marketing-diversity/neglected-and-underutilized-species/ http://www.bioversityinternational.org/40/

Ciências Tecnologia

Biodiversity at work for resilient
livelihood systems
Stefano Padulosi

(1)
Genetic
diversity
(2)
Selection &
cultivation
(3)
Harvest
(4)
Value addition
(5)
Marketing
(6)
Final
use
Outcome
Economic resilience
Outcome
Agroecological resilience
Outcome
Social resilience
Biodiversity’s contribution along the value chain
IMPACT
System Resilience
1. Absorb climate
variability and
shocks
2. Food/nutrition
security in periods
of food scarcity
3. Economic self-
reliance by
leveraging local
assets

Monitoring crop diversity in the field
Five Cell Analysis Method Mapping distribution
Lost

Promoting use of crop diversity through catalogues
0
100
200
300
Chiclayo Huaral Tambo Grande Pucallpa Promedio
Milligrams
Locality
Capsaicinoids content (mg/100 g)

55
Branding, building self-help groups for
entrepreneurial activities, empowering women,
indigenous people, vulnerable groups
Increased household
consumption of
nutritious food
Dehusking mill
Making crop diversity an asset for the poor
0.5 US$ gain for every kg of
value-added product
(100 kg processed)
PhotoCredits:BioversityInternational/S.Padulosi

66
Mainstreaming Andean grains in Bolivia

7
Partnership is critical
Bolivia: 43 partners

Biodiversity at work for resilient livelihood systems

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The primary distinction between a test cross and a backcross is that a test cross is used to determine the genotype of a phenotypically dominant individual, whereas a backcross is used to recover a dominant genotype from a parent who has an extreme genotype. The hybrids that are backcrossed are known as 'BC' hybrids. For example, a BC1 hybrid is an F1 hybrid that was crossed with one of its parents or a genetically similar species. The BC2 hybrid is defined as a BC1 hybrid that has been crossed with the same parent or genetically similar species. Other instances include backcrossing in animals. A system of breeding in which repeated backcrosses are made to transfer a specific character to a well-adapted variety for which the variety is deficient is referred to as backcross breeding This approach is infrequently utilized in vegetatively propagated crops such as sugarcane and potatoes, and only with slight alterations. A test cross is a genetic technique for determining an unknown genotype in a dominant person. It is a breeding procedure in which a (known genotype) homozygous recessive individual is paired with an individual of the opposite mating type who has an unknown dominant genotype. The phenotypic characteristics of the resulting children are investigated, and the genotype of the examined individual is determined appropriately. If all of the progeny from the test cross are dominant, we may conclude that the genotype of the tested unknown person is homozygous dominant. If 50% of kids exhibit dominant traits and the remaining 50% exhibit recessive traits, we may conclude that the genotype of the tested unknown individual is heterozygous dominant. #genetics #backcross #testcross #mendel #crosses #monohybridtestcross #backcrossandtestcross #typesofcross #dihybridtestcross #limitationsofcross #applicationsofcross #mscbotany #botany

DIFFERENCE IN BACK CROSS AND TEST CROSS

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Bollworms are among the most damaging pests in cotton cultivation, affecting the bolls where the cotton fibers are formed. There are several species of bollworms, each capable of causing significant yield loss and quality degradation if not effectively managed. Here’s a detailed look at the primary bollworm species affecting cotton: Cotton Bollworm (Helicoverpa armigera): Also known as the corn earworm or the Old World bollworm, this pest is found in many regions around the world. It is highly polyphagous (feeds on many different plants) and poses a threat not only to cotton but also to maize, tomatoes, and legumes. The larvae bore into the cotton bolls, feeding on the developing seeds and fibers, which can lead to boll rot. Pink Bollworm (Pectinophora gossypiella): A significant pest of cotton, the pink bollworm larvae infest the cotton bolls, feeding on the seeds and lint. This can severely damage or destroy the bolls. In regions where pink bollworms are prevalent, they have been a major driver for the adoption of genetically engineered Bt cotton, which expresses a bacterium gene toxic to certain insects. Tobacco Budworm (Heliothis virescens): Closely related to the cotton bollworm, the tobacco budworm primarily attacks tobacco but is also a common pest in cotton. It primarily damages the flowers and bolls of the cotton plant. Differentiating between the tobacco budworm and the cotton bollworm based on appearance can be challenging, but it is crucial for effective management. American Bollworm (Helicoverpa zea): Known in some regions as the corn earworm, it is similar in behavior to Helicoverpa armigera and poses a threat to a variety of crops, including cotton. The larvae attack the cotton bolls, leading to direct damage to the cotton lint and seeds. Management Strategies: Cultural Controls: Crop rotation, destruction of crop residues, and deep plowing can help break the pest’s life cycle. Timing of planting can also be adjusted to avoid peak pest infestation. Biological Controls: Natural enemies like Trichogramma wasps, which parasitize bollworm eggs, and predators such as lacewings and ladybugs can be encouraged. Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) products can also be sprayed, which are particularly effective against young larvae. Chemical Controls: Insecticides may be required when infestation levels exceed economic thresholds. However, resistance management must be considered, alternating modes of action to avoid developing resistance. Genetic Approaches: Bt cotton, genetically modified to express Bacillus thuringiensis toxin, has been highly effective in controlling bollworms and has dramatically reduced the reliance on chemical insecticides. Monitoring and Scouting: Regular field scouting and using pheromone traps to monitor adult populations can help in timely and targeted application of control measures. The effective management of bollworms often requires an integrated approach

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1. Biodiversity at work for resilient livelihood systems Stefano Padulosi

2. (1) Genetic diversity (2) Selection & cultivation (3) Harvest (4) Value addition (5) Marketing (6) Final use Outcome Economic resilience Outcome Agroecological resilience Outcome Social resilience Biodiversity’s contribution along the value chain IMPACT System Resilience 1. Absorb climate variability and shocks 2. Food/nutrition security in periods of food scarcity 3. Economic self- reliance by leveraging local assets

3. Monitoring crop diversity in the field Five Cell Analysis Method Mapping distribution Lost

4. Promoting use of crop diversity through catalogues 0 100 200 300 Chiclayo Huaral Tambo Grande Pucallpa Promedio Milligrams Locality Capsaicinoids content (mg/100 g)

5. 55 Branding, building self-help groups for entrepreneurial activities, empowering women, indigenous people, vulnerable groups Increased household consumption of nutritious food Dehusking mill Making crop diversity an asset for the poor 0.5 US$ gain for every kg of value-added product (100 kg processed) PhotoCredits:BioversityInternational/S.Padulosi

6. 66 Mainstreaming Andean grains in Bolivia

7. 7 Partnership is critical Bolivia: 43 partners

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Credit: Bioversity International/S.Padulosi

Biodiversity at work for resilient livelihood systems

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