2. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=r96hhTmNCX0

25. Reproductie Campbell Ch 29, 30 & 38

26. Reproductie Klonaal Seksueel

27. Reduced (usually microscopic), dependent on surrounding sporophyte tissue for nutrition Reduced, independent (photosynthetic and free-living) Gametophyte Sporophyte (2 n ) Sporophyte (2 n ) Gametophyte ( n ) Sporophyte Example Gametophyte ( n ) Dominant Dominant Dominant Reduced, dependent on gametophyte for nutrition Mosses and other nonvascular plants Ferns and other seedless vascular plants Seed plants (gymnosperms and angiosperms) PLANT GROUP Gymnosperm Angiosperm Microscopic female gametophytes ( n ) inside ovulate cone Microscopic male gametophytes ( n ) inside pollen cone Sporophyte (2 n ) Sporophyte (2 n ) Microscopic female gametophytes ( n ) inside these parts of flowers Microscopic male gametophytes ( n ) inside these parts of flowers Seksuele reproductie

28. Flowering plants arrived relative late in evolution, but diversified tremendously

30. Gametophyte ( n ) Gamete from another plant n n Mitosis Gamete FERTILIZATION MEIOSIS Mitosis Spore n n 2 n Zygote Mitosis Sporophyte (2 n) Alternation of generations

31. Spores Sporangium Sporophyte Longitudinal section of Sphagnum sporangium (LM) Gametophyte Gametophytes, sporophytes and sporangia of a moss

32. Key Haploid ( n ) Diploid (2 n ) Protonemata ( n ) “ Bud” “ Bud” Male gametophyte ( n ) Female gametophyte ( n ) Gametophore Rhizoid Spores Spore dispersal Peristome Sporangium MEIOSIS Seta Capsule (sporangium) Foot Mature sporophytes Capsule with peristome (SEM) Female gametophytes 2 mm Raindrop Sperm Antheridia Egg Archegonia FERTILIZATION (within archegonium) Zygote (2 n ) Embryo Archegonium Young sporophyte (2 n ) Moss life cycle

34. Artist impression carbonivorous forest (>300 MY ago)

35. Flowering plants arrived relative late in evolution, but diversified tremendously

36. Reduced (usually microscopic), dependent on surrounding sporophyte tissue for nutrition Reduced, independent (photosynthetic and free-living) Gametophyte Sporophyte (2 n ) Sporophyte (2 n ) Gametophyte ( n ) Sporophyte Example Gametophyte ( n ) Dominant Dominant Dominant Reduced, dependent on gametophyte for nutrition Mosses and other nonvascular plants Ferns and other seedless vascular plants Seed plants (gymnosperms and angiosperms) PLANT GROUP Gymnosperm Angiosperm Microscopic female gametophytes ( n ) inside ovulate cone Microscopic male gametophytes ( n ) inside pollen cone Sporophyte (2 n ) Sporophyte (2 n ) Microscopic female gametophytes ( n ) inside these parts of flowers Microscopic male gametophytes ( n ) inside these parts of flowers

37. Gymnospermen - naaktzadigen Vroeg in evolutie – domineerden mesozoïsche ecosystemen Nu vooral nog aanwezig als naaldbomen Typisch mannelijke en vrouwelijke kegels voor reproductie Zaden niet omgeven door een vrucht Bestuiving en zaadverspreiding door wind

38. Europese larix

39. Douglas spar

40. Welwitschia

41. Welwitschia Ovulate cones

42. Microsporangium (2 n ) Microsporocytes (2 n ) Pollen grains ( n ) Pollen cone Microsporangia MEIOSIS Mature sporophyte (2 n ) Haploid ( n ) Diploid (2 n ) Key MEIOSIS Surviving megaspore ( n ) Pollen grain Megasporocyte (2 n ) Ovule Integument Ovulate cone FERTILIZATION Pollen tube Female gametophyte Sperm nucleus ( n ) Egg nucleus ( n ) Archegonium Seedling Seeds Seed coat (2 n ) Food reserves ( n ) Embryo (2 n ) Megasporangium (2 n ) Gymnosperm life cycle

43. Angiospermen - bedektzadigen - bloemplanten Hebben echte bloemstructuren en vruchten Zaden typisch omgeven door een vrucht Meest wijdverspreid en divers van alle planten Bestuiving en zaadverspreiding op diverse wijzen Stamen Anther Filament Stigma Carpel Style Ovary Receptacle Sepal Petal (a) Structure of an idealized flower

44. Why invest so much energy in flowers & fruits?

49. Barbs Seeds within berries Wings Features for seed dispersal

50. Fig. 38-11b Tumbleweed Dispersal by Wind Winged fruit of maple Dandelion “parachute” Winged seed of Asian climbing gourd

51. Coconut Dispersal by Water

52. Fig. 38-4a Abiotic Pollination by Wind Hazel staminate flowers (stamens only) Hazel carpellate flower (carpels only)

54. Fig. 38-4f Long-nosed bat feeding on cactus flower at night Pollination by Bats

55. Anther Pollen tube Germinated pollen grain ( n ) (male gametophyte) Ovary Ovule Embryo sac ( n ) (female gametophyte) Egg ( n ) Sperm ( n ) Zygote (2 n ) Seed Seed Embryo (2 n ) (sporophyte) Simple fruit Germinating seed Mature sporophyte plant (2 n ) (b) Simplified angiosperm life cycle Key Haploid ( n ) Diploid (2 n ) FERTILIZATION

56. Monocot Characteristics Eudicot Characteristics Vascular tissue usually arranged in ring Veins usually parallel Veins usually netlike Vascular tissue scattered Leaf venation One cotyledon Embryos Two cotyledons Stems Roots Pollen Root system usually fibrous (no main root) Pollen grain with three openings Taproot (main root) usually present Pollen grain with one opening Floral organs usually in multiples of three Flowers Floral organs usually in multiples of four or five Angiosperms monocots dicots

57. Anther Barley Stigma Ovary Filament Monocotylen

58. Monocotylen Dade Palm Orchid

59. Dicotylen Zucchini flowers California poppy Pyrenean oak

60. Bloeiregulatie Shoot apical meristem (SAM)  Floral Meristem Interne regulatie ABC model

64. Sepals Petals Stamens Carpels A B C A + B gene activity B + C gene activity C gene activity A gene activity (a) A schematic diagram of the ABC hypothesis Carpel Petal Stamen Sepal

65. Active genes: Whorls: Stamen Carpel Petal Sepal Wild type Mutant lacking A Mutant lacking B Mutant lacking C (b) Side view of flowers with organ identity mutations A A A A C C C C B B B B B B C C C C C C C C C C C C A A A A A A A A B B B B B A A A A B

66. Sepals Petals Stamens Carpels A B C A + B gene activity B + C gene activity C gene activity A gene activity (a) A schematic diagram of the ABC hypothesis Carpel Petal Stamen Sepal

67. Arabidopsis –model Proof is in the mutants Proo

68. Krizek & Fletscher, 2005, Nature wildtype ap2 pi ag Proof is in the mutants  Few genes can already control flower development AP1 AP2 A AP3 PI B AG C