“There is enough for everyone’s need, but not enough for anyone’s greed”

1. “There is enough for everyone’s need, but not enough for anyone’s
greed”
The father of our nation, M.K. GANDHI, perhaps had
foreseen the status of our today’s world decades
before, mirroring our present world in this beautiful
quote of his.
The world is too busy now, so busy that it has
forgotten about tomorrow. Especially our gen-x is
too busy to set up their own future, but little do
we think if this world has a future or not?
History tells of great civilizations blooming
around the Euphrates, the Tigris or the Indus. In
fact, rivers have not only caused humans to settle,
but have also named many of the great
settlements. Water, with its simple rate of flow
and its volubility becomes the ideal metaphor for
the activity and fluidity of human thought and
action. In other words, water is nothing short of
magic. Any living solid, is essentially composed
of this liquid, that perhaps has been specifically
designed to suit every errand that the pangs of life
set us to.
It so happens that with the magic of a liquid such
as water, which cleanses as well as dissolves,
purifies as well as dirties, quenches thirst as well
as intensifies it, it is most easily found in all the
wrong places. The pristine nature of water is the
essence of life, its cradle and its only originator.
Today water is irreplaceable in any industry,
household or domestic scenario. From the first
alga to the mighty blue whale, water is not only
the propagator of life, but sometimes its only

2. medium. With time, it is a misfortune that water
becomes friendly with so many things that simply
make it ill for itself, for nature and obviously for
humans. Its purification and diagnosis becomes
crucial not only for the essentials of human life,
but also for the ecosphere around.
Water is a chemical substance with the
chemical formula H2O. Connected by covalent
bonds. Chemical interaction bonds are of three
types-Ionic (the business bond, where one atom
gives the other takes for the sake of stability),
Covalent (the friendship bond, they share!) and
the dative bond (the donor bond, one gives just
because he has extra).Yes, water is formed when
two friends (hydrogen and oxygen) join hands
and share electrons, hence by stabilizing both.
Pretty much the way schools collaborate with
each other, sharing knowledge and ideas,
nourishing new bonds of friendship and
benefiting both. Kudos to ISA!!!
Water is a liquid at ambient conditions, but it
often co-exists on Earth with its solid state, ice,
and gaseous state (water vapor or steam). Water
also exists in a liquid crystal state near
hydrophilic surfaces. Under nomenclature used to
name chemical compounds, dihydrogen
monoxide is the scientific name for water, though
it is almost never used.
Water covers 70.9% of the Earth's surface and is vital for all known forms of life. On Earth,
96.5% of the planet's water is found in oceans, 1.7% in groundwater, 1.7% in glaciers and the
ice caps of Antarctica and Greenland, a small fraction in other large water bodies, and
0.001% in the air as vapour, clouds(formed of solid and liquid water particles suspended in
air), and precipitation. Only 2.5% of the Earth's water is freshwater, and 98.8% of that water
is in ice and groundwater. Less than 0.3% of all freshwater is in rivers, lakes, and the
atmosphere, and an even smaller amount of the Earth's freshwater (0.003%) is contained
within biological bodies and manufactured products.

3. 1. PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES:
The liquid wonder, the fluid phenomenon has been helping life to survive for ages
together. Add to that the wonder properties given below and we know that we are dealing
with a celebrity! A celebrity of the bygone ages: a God and hero in the Vedas and integral
part in each of the cultures of our „tiny‟ huge world. The difference though, is that this celeb
is a celeb whose presence is not celebrated but taken for granted. And on the same road of
idea, wasted! So, let‟s get the value of this wonder liquid right into our heads, and make
him...........
A CELEB AGAIN!!!
The major chemical and physical properties of water are:
Water is a liquid at standard temperature and pressure. It is tasteless and odorless. The
intrinsic colour of water and ice is a very slight blue hue, although both appear
colorless in small quantities. Water vapour is essentially invisible as a gas.
Water is transparent in the visible electromagnetic spectrum. Thus aquatic plants can
live in water because sunlight can reach them. Infrared light is strongly absorbed by
the hydrogen-oxygen or OH bonds.
Water is a good solvent and is often referred to as the universal solvent. Substances
that dissolve in water, e.g., salts, sugars, acids, alkalis, and some gases – especially
oxygen, carbon dioxide (carbonation) are known as hydrophilic (water-loving)
substances, while those that do not mix well with water (e.g., fats and oils), are
known as hydrophobic (water-fearing) substances.
At 4181.3 J/ (kg·K), water has a high specific heat capacity, as well as a high heat of
vaporization (40.65 kJ·mol−1), both of which are a result of the extensive hydrogen
bonding between its molecules.
Its density is 1,000 kg/m3 (62.428 lb/cu ft or 8.3454 lb/US gal) liquid (at 4 °C; ice has
a density of 917 kg/m3).
2. TASTE AND ODOUR
Water can dissolve many different substances, giving it varying tastes and odours. Humans
and other animals have developed senses that enable them to evaluate the potability of water
by avoiding water that is too salty or putrid. The taste of spring water and mineral water,

4. often advertised in marketing of consumer products, derives from the minerals dissolved in
it. However, pure H2O is tasteless and odorless.
3. DISTRIBUTION IN NATURE
 IN THE UNIVERSE:
Much of the universe's water is produced as a byproduct of star formation. When stars
are born, their birth is accompanied by a strong outward wind of gas and dust. When this
outflow of material eventually impacts the surrounding gas, the shock waves that are created,
compress and heat the gas. The water observed is quickly produced in this warm dense gas.
According to the researchers, the "discovery shows that water has been prevalent in the
universe for nearly its entire existence."
Water has been detected in interstellar clouds within our galaxy, the Milky Way.
Water probably exists in abundance in other galaxies, too, because its components, hydrogen
and oxygen, are among the most abundant elements in the universe. Interstellar clouds
eventually condense into solar nebulae and solar systems such as ours.
Water vapour is present in
Atmosphere of Mercury: 3.4%, and large amounts of water in Mercury's
exosphere
Atmosphere of Venus: 0.002%
Earth's atmosphere: ~0.40% over full atmosphere, typically 1–4% at surface
Atmosphere of Mars: 0.03%
Atmosphere of Jupiter: 0.0004%
Atmosphere of Saturn – in ices only
Enceladus (moon of Saturn): 91%
Exoplanets known as HD 189733 b and HD 209458 b.
Water ice is present on
Earth – mainly as ice sheets
polar ice caps on Mars
Moon
Titan

5.  ON EARTH:
Water covers 71% of the Earth's surface; the
oceans contain 96.5% of the Earth's water. The
Antarctic ice sheet, which contains 61% of all
fresh water on Earth, is visible at the bottom.
Condensed atmospheric water can be seen as
clouds, contributing to the Earth's albedo.
Earth's approximate water volume is
1,338,000,000 km3 .Liquid water is found in
bodies of water, such as an ocean, sea. The
majority of water on Earth is sea water. Water
is also present in the atmosphere in solid, liquid,
and vapor states.
DISTRIBUTION OF WATER IN EARTH
4. WATER CYCLE

6. The water cycle (known scientifically as the
hydrologic cycle) refers to the continuous exchange
of water within the hydrosphere, between the
atmosphere, soil water, surface water, groundwater,
and plants.
WATER CYCLE consisting of following transfer
processes:
Evaporation from oceans and other water
bodies into the air and transpiration from land
plants and animals into air.
Precipitation, from water vapor condensing
from the air and falling to earth or ocean.
Runoff from the land usually reaching the sea.
5. FRESH WATER STORAGE
Some runoff water is trapped for periods of
time, for example in lakes. At high altitude and
in the far north and south, snow collects in ice
caps, snow pack and glaciers. Water also
infiltrates the ground and goes into aquifers.
This groundwater later flows back to the
surface in springs, or more spectacularly in hot
springs and geysers. Groundwater is also
extracted artificially in wells. This water
storage is important, since clean, fresh water is
KANDLA essential to human and other land-based life.

7. SEA WATER
Sea water contains about 3.5% salt on average, plus smaller amounts of other
substances. It freezes at a lower temperature (about −1.9 °C) and its density increases with
decreasing temperature to the freezing point, instead of reaching maximum density at a
temperature above freezing. The salinity of water in major seas varies from about 0.7% in the
Baltic Sea to 4.0% in the Red Sea.
TIDES
Tides are the cyclic rising and falling of local sea levels caused by the tidal forces of
the Moon and the Sun acting on the oceans. Tides cause changes in the depth of the marine
and estuarine water bodies and produce oscillating currents known as tidal streams. The
changing tide produced at a given location is the result of the changing positions of the Moon
and Sun relative to the Earth coupled with the effects of Earth rotation and the local
bathymetry.

8. 6. EFFECT ON LIFE
From a biological standpoint, water has many distinct properties that are critical for the
proliferation of life that set it apart from other substances. It carries out this role by allowing
organic compounds to react in ways that ultimately allow replication.
 MANKIND:
From a biological standpoint, water has many
distinct properties that are critical for the
proliferation of life that set it apart from other
substances. It carries out this role by allowing
organic compounds to react in ways that ultimately
allow replication. Water is vital both as a solvent in
which many of the body's solutes dissolve and as an
essential part of many metabolic processes within
the body. Water is also central to acid-base
neutrality and enzyme function
 PLANTS:
Water is fundamental to
photosynthesis and respiration.
Photosynthetic cells use the sun's energy to
split off water's hydrogen from oxygen

9.  AQUATIC LIFE FORMS:
Earth surface waters are filled with life. The
earliest life forms appeared in water; nearly all
fish live exclusively in water, and there are many
types of marine mammals, such as dolphins and
whales. Some kinds of animals, such as
amphibians, spend portions of their lives in water
and portions on land
7. EFFECT ON HUMAN CIVILISATION
Civilization has historically flourished around rivers and major waterways; Mesopotamia,
the so-called cradle of civilization, was situated between the major rivers Tigris and
Euphrates; the ancient society of the Egyptians depended entirely upon the Nile. Large
metropolises like London, Montreal, Paris, New York City owe their success in part to their
easy accessibility via water and the resultant expansion of trade. Islands with safe water
ports, like Singapore, have flourished for the same reason. In places such as North Africa and
the Middle East, where water is scarcer, access to clean drinking water was and is a major
factor in human development.

10.  HEALTH AND POLLUTION:
Water fit for human consumption is called
drinking water or potable water. Water that
is not potable may be made potable by
filtration or distillation, or by a range of
other methods. Water that is not fit for
drinking but is not harmful for humans
when used for swimming or bathing is
called by various names other than potable
or drinking water, and is sometimes called
Water sampling for lab analysis safe water or "safe for bathing".
WATER POLLUTION
METHODS TO MAKE WATER PORTABLE:
1. Chlorine is a skin and mucous membrane irritant that is used to make water safe for
bathing or drinking. Its use is highly technical and is usually monitored by
government regulations. Water for bathing may be maintained in satisfactory
microbiological condition using chemical disinfectants such as chlorine or ozone or
by the use of ultraviolet light.

11. 2. In the USA, non-potable forms of wastewater generated by humans may be referred
to as greywater, which is treatable and thus easily able to be made potable again, and
blackwater, which generally contains sewage and other forms of waste which require
further treatment in order to be made reusable.
ARSENIC POLLUTION IN GROUND WATER OF INDIA
Arsenic (As) is one of the worst environmental
plutanys responsible for the highest risk mortality
worldspread because of its toxicity and ingestion by
millions of people. Unlike the other chemical
contaminants that are restricted to the area of
influence around a point source, dangerously high
levels of arsenic have been found in many water
supplies around the world and quite extensively in
the groundwater near deltaic regions of the South
Asia countries.
Since As enters the groundwater by natural processes
without having any point source its prevention at
source is difficult. In the absence of any alternative
solution people residing in these areas are knowingly
or unknowingly drinking water which is
contaminated with As.
a) INTERNATIONAL STANDARD FOR As IN DRINKING WATER
Generally the concentration of arsenic in groundwater is <10 g/l and often below the
detection limit of routine analytical methods. The WHO (1996) guideline value for arsenic in
drinking water was reduced from 50 g/l to a provisional value of 10 g/l. Most of the
western countries adopted this limit in their current drinking water standards. On the other
hand, many affected countries still operate 50 g/l standard due to lack of adequate testing
facilities.
b) ARSENIC TOXICITY
Human beings can be exposed to arsenic through their diet or from natural
environmental sources like contaminated drinking water. Arsenic is highly carcinogenic and
its widespread occurrence in groundwater poses a major threat to global public health.

12. Arsenic in drinking water can cause severe skin diseases like skin cancer; lung, bladder, and
kidney cancers, and perhaps other internal tumors; peripheral vascular disease; hypertension;
and diabetes. It also seems to have a negative impact on reproductive processes such as infant
mortality and weight of newborn babies. The toxicology of arsenic involves mechanisms that
are still not completely understood.
The main forms of arsenic found in groundwater used for human consumption and, to a
lesser extent, in foodstuff are inorganic arsenic (In-As), occurring either as trivalent (As3+) or
pentavalent (As5+) compounds.
Arsenic toxicity in human health
c) GROUNDWATER-ARSENIC CONTAMINATION IN THE WORLD
In contrast to anthropogenic source such as mine excavation, which is a localized
phenomenon, widespread occurrence of arsenic in groundwater is attributed to the geogenic
origin in major parts of the world including 1) United States, 2) Mexico, 3) Chile, 4) Bolivia,
5) Argentina, 6) Hungary, 7) Romania, 8) India, 9) Bangladesh, 10) Thailand, 11) Vietnam,
12) Taiwan, 13) China and 14) Nepal (Fig. 2). Besides, Canada, South America, Africa,
Europe and other Asian countries like Pakistan, Japan, Korea, Cambodia etc., have wider
areas of higher concentration of arsenic in their groundwater

13. Arsenic affected countries in the world.
d) GROUNDWATER-ARSENIC CONTAMINATION IN INDIA
Like in other Asian countries, arsenic contamination is widespread in India, especially in the
Bengal delta covering the eastern part of West Bengal which extends into the adjacent
country of Bangladesh. In India, arsenic contamination is reported from the states of
Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Bihar, Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand, Manipur, Nagaland, Tripura,
Uttar Pradesh and West Bengal.
Indian states with reports of high arsenic in
groundwater.

14. e) GROUNDWATER-ARSENIC CONTAMINATION IN WEST BENGAL
The problem in West Bengal is severe
as the affected area is vast sometimes
extending beyond national boundaries and
also millions of people are exposed to the
menace of arsenic contamination (>0.01 – 3.7
mg/l with an average of 0.2 mg/l) as
groundwater is the prime source of drinking
water in rural Bengal.
Districts with reports of high arsenic in
groundwater in West Bengal.
f) REMEDIAL MEASURES
The research institutes came up with citing technologies for “As” removal like
Coagulation, Lime softening, Ion exchange, Reverse osmosis, Electrodialysis,
Nanofiltration etc. Among them activated alumina emerged as most popular and was
used n manufacturing small scale “As” filters.

15.  AGRICULTURE
The most important use of water in
agriculture is for irrigation, which is a key
component to produce enough food.
Irrigation takes up to 90% of water
withdrawn in some developing countries
and significant proportions in more
economically developed countries (United
States, 30% of freshwater usage is for
irrigation).
 AS A SCIENTIFIC STANDARD
On 7 April 1795, the gram was defined in France to be equal to "the absolute weight of a
volume of pure water equal to a cube of one hundredth of a meter, and to the temperature of
the melting ice. The Kelvin temperature scale of the SI system is based on the triple point of
water, defined as exactly 273.16 K or 0.01 °C. The scale is an absolute temperature scale
with the same increment as the Celsius temperature scale, which was originally defined
according the boiling point (set to 100 °C) and melting point (set to 0 °C) of water.
 FOR DRINKING
The human body contains from 55% to 78% water,
depending on body size. To function properly, the
body requires between one and seven liters of water
per day to avoid dehydration; the precise amount
depends on the level of activity, temperature,
humidity, and other factors.

16.  WASHING
The propensity of water to form solutions and emulsions is useful in various washing
processes. Many industrial processes rely on reactions using chemicals dissolved in water,
suspension of solids in water slurries or using water to dissolve and extract substances.
 TRANSPORTATION
The use of water for transportation of materials through rivers and canals as well as the
international shipping lanes is an important part of the world economy.
 CHEMICAL USES
Water is widely used in chemical reactions as a solvent
or reactant and less commonly as a solute or catalyst. It
is amphoteric (acidic and basic) and nucleophilict. Also,
acceleration of Diels-Alder reactions by water has been
observed. Supercritical water has recently been a topic
of research.
 HEAT EXCHANGE
Water and steam are used as heat transfer fluids in diverse heat exchange systems, due to its
availability and high heat capacity, both as a coolant and for heating. Cool water may even be
naturally available from a lake or the sea.
 FIRE EXTINCTION
Water has a high heat of vaporization and is
relatively inert, which makes it a good fire
extinguishing fluid

17.  RECREATION
Humans use water for many recreational
purposes, as well as for exercising and for
sports. Some of these include swimming,
waterskiing, boating, surfing and diving.
Some keep fish and other life in aquariums
or ponds for show, fun, and companionship.
Humans also use water for snow sports i.e.
skiing, sledding, snowmobiling or
snowboarding, which requires the water to
be frozen.
 INDUSTRIAL APPLICATIONS
Water is used in power
generation.
Hydroelectricity is
electricity obtained from
hydropower.
Hydroelectric power
comes from water
driving a water turbine
connected to a generator.
Hydroelectricity is a
low-cost, non-polluting,
renewable energy source.

18. 7. WATER CONSERVATION
Water conservation refers to reducing the usage of water and recycling of waste water for
different purposes such as cleaning, manufacturing, and agricultural irrigation.
Goals:
The goals of water conservation efforts include as follows:
Sustainability. To ensure availability for future generations, the withdrawal of fresh
water from an ecosystem should not exceed its natural replacement rate.
Energy conservation. Water pumping, delivery, and wastewater treatment facilities
consume a significant amount of energy. In some regions of the world over 15% of
total electricity consumption is devoted to water management.
Habitat conservation. Minimizing human water use helps to preserve fresh water
habitats for local wildlife and migrating waterfowl, as well as reducing the need to
build new dams and other water diversion infrastructures.
Reduce water consumption per capital.

19.  HOUSEHOLD APPLICATIONS
Water-saving technology for the home includes:
Low-flow shower heads sometimes called
energy-efficient shower heads as they also use
less energy,
Low-flush toilets and composting toilets. These
have a dramatic impact in the developed world,
as conventional Western toilets use large
volumes of water.
Dual flush toilets created by Caroma includes
two buttons or handles to flush different levels
of water. Dual flush toilets use up to 67% less
water than conventional toilets.
Saline water (sea water) or rain water can be
used for flushing toilets.
 COMMERCIAL APPLICATIONS
Many water-saving devices (such as low-flush toilets) that are useful in homes can also be
useful for business water saving. Other water-saving technology for businesses includes:
Waterless urinals
Waterless car washes
Infrared or foot-operated taps, which can save water by using short bursts of water for
rinsing in a kitchen or bathroom
Pressurized waterbrooms, which can be used instead of a hose to clean sidewalks
X-ray film processor re-circulation systems

20.  AGRICULTURAL APPLICATIONS
For crop irrigation, optimal water efficiency
means minimizing losses due to evaporation.
Overhead irrigation, using center-pivot or
lateral-moving sprinklers, has the potential for
a much more equal and controlled distribution
pattern. Drip irrigation is the most expensive
and least-used type, but offers the ability to
deliver water to plant roots with minimal
losses.
 MINIMUM WATER NETWORK TARGET AND DESIGN
The cost effective minimum water network is a holistic framework/guide for water
conservation that helps in determining the minimum amount of freshwater and wastewater
target for an industrial or urban system based on the water management hierarchy i.e. it
considers all conceivable methods to save water. The technique ensures that the designer
desired payback period is satisfied using Systematic Hierarchical Approach for Resilient
Process Screening (SHARPS) technique.