Q-Factor General Quiz-7th April 2024, Quiz Club NITW
Organic electronic
1.
2. Organic electronics, plastic electronics or polymer electronics,
is a branch of electronics dealing with conductive polymers
and conductive small molecules
Called as 'organic' electronics as the polymers and small
molecules are carbon-based
Most polymer electronics are laminar electronics, a category
that also includes transparent electronic package and paper
based electronics
Conductive polymers are lighter, more flexible, and less
expensive than inorganic conductors. This makes them a
desirable alternative in many applications
3. Historically, organic materials (or plastics) were viewed as
insulators, with applications commonly seen in inactive
packaging, coating, containers and so on
Research on the electrical behaviour of organic materials
commenced in the 1960s
The announcement of conductive polymers in the late 1970s,
and of conjugated semiconductors and photoemission polymers
in the 1980s, gave new impulse to the activity in the field of
organic electronics
Polyacetylene was one of the first polymers reported to be
capable of conducting electricity, and it was discovered that
oxidative doping with iodine causes the conductivity to increase
by 12 orders of magnitude
4. This discovery and the development of highly-conductive
organic polymers was credited to Alan J.Heeger, Alan G.
MacDiarmid, and Hideki Shirakawa, who were jointly awarded
the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 2000 for their 1977 discovery
and development of oxidized, iodine-doped polyacetylene
Ching W. Tang -who built the first organic light-emitting diode
(OLED) and organic photovoltaic cell is widely considered the
father of organic electronics
5. Born : January 22, 1936 (age 76), Sioux
City, Iowa, USA
Nationality : United States
Fields : Physics, Chemistry
Institutions : University of Pennsylvania
University of California, Santa
Barbara
Notable awards : Nobel Prize in Chemistry
Balzan Prize ENI award
6. Alan MacDiarmid
Born : 14 April 1927 at Masterton, New
Zealand
Died :7 February 2007 (aged 79)
Drexel Hill, Pennsylvania
Institutions : University of Pennsylvania,
University of St Andrews,
University of Texas at
Dallas
Notable awards : - The Francis J. Clamer
Medal in 1993
- Nobel Prize for
Chemistry
in 2000
7. HIDEKI SHIRAKAWA
Born in Tokyo, Japan
Institution : University of Pennsylvania and
University of Tsukuba
Notable awards : Noble Prize for
Chemistry in 2000
8. OLED
(organic
light-emitting
diode)
LED in which the
emissive
electroluminescent
layer is a film of
organic compound
which emits light in
response to an
electric current
This layer of organic
semiconductor
material is situated
between two
electrodes. Generally,
at least one of these
electrodes is
transparent
2 main families of
OLEDs :
- those based on
small molecules
-those employing
polymers
9. A photovoltaic cell
is a specialized
semiconductor
diode that converts
visible light into
direct current (DC)
electricity
Have large
conjugated
systems which
are formed by
chemical
reactions of
hydrocarbons
Some
photovoltaic
cells can also
convert
infrared (IR) or
ultraviolet (UV)
radiation into
DC
10. Organic transistors with several tens of
nanometers-thick organic
semiconductors are called "organic thin-
film transistors" (OTFT)
Conventional inorganic transistors require
high temperatures (500-1,000ºC), but
organic transistors can be made between
room temperature and 200ºC.
Organic transistors can even be formed
even on a plastic substrate, which is
vulnerable to heat. Therefore organic
transistors enable to realize not only light
and thin, but also flexible device
elements, allowing them to be used in a
variety of unique devices
12. Organic Light-Emitting
There wide selection of OLED materials
OLED materials consist of:
1. Electron Transport
2. Host Transport
3. Polymer Hole Transport
4. Emitter/Dopant
5. Synthetic Intermediates
13. Sub materials that contain in each material may
different or may be same.
For Electron Transistor, it contain of :
23. Organic Materials for
Thin Film Transistors
To make OTFTs, materials ranging from
conductors (for electrodes),
semiconductors
(for active channel materials), to
insulators (for gate dielectric layers) are
needed.
24. Semiconductors
Two types of organic semiconductors:
p-type (holes as major charge carriers) and n-type
(electrons as major charge carriers).
The organic semiconductor layer usually consists of π-
conjugated oligomers or polymers, in which the π–π
stacking direction should ideally be along the current flow
direction.
This requires the semiconductor molecules to self-
assemble into a certain orientation upon either vapour or
solution deposition. It is also important that the
semiconductor thin film has large, densely packed and well-
interconnected grains. Most small molecule, high
performance organic semiconductors tend to have the long
axes of the molecules oriented close to normal to the
dielectric surface with the typical grain size in the order
of at least a few micrometres.
25. Dielectric
The dielectric layer for organic transistors should be
as thin as possible, pinhole-free, and ideally with a high
dielectric constant for low voltage operation.
Inorganic, organic, and inorganic/organic hybrid
materials have been investigated as the gate dielectric
materials. Promising materials include poly(methy
methacrylate) (PMMA), poly(styrene), poly(vinyl
phenol), silsesquioxane (glass resin), and
benzocyclobutene (BCB), etc.
26. Electrode
•For organic transistors to function properly, charge
injection from the electrode needs to be efficient.
This requires the work function of the electrode to
match well with the energy level of the organic
semiconductor such that the energy barrier for charge
injection is low.
•Typically high work function electrodes (Au, Pd, or
indium tin oxide) have been used for p-channel organic
transistors. Electrode surface modification with a self-
assembled monolayer can be used to improve the
charge injection into the organic semiconductor.
27. • When the organic semiconductor is deposited onto
the source and drain electrodes, the morphology of
organic semiconductors is significantly different
when deposited on SAM-modified Au compared to
bare Au.
• This observation has been used to tune the
morphology of the organic semiconductor at the Au/
organic interface to improve its charge injection
28. Reel-to-reel vacuum metallization
Vacuum
metallization is the
process of coating
a substrate with a
thin metal layer
under high-
vacuum condition
Requirement in
development of
the metallization
The coating of web
materials are referred
to as vacuum web
coating
29. Requirement In Development Of
The Metallization
• Higher conductivity
• Smooth surfaces
• Fewer defects in the
metal layer
• Improved barrier
properties
Higher
quality
• Greater reel length
/ diameter
• Greater web width
• Higher web speed
• Shorter downtime
Lower cost
30. • Evaporation of pure metal layers from the vapor
phase requires high-vacuum conditions (pressure
<5X10^-4mbar)
• Good vacuum condition : the entire to be coated reel
must be placed inside the vacuum chamber. (volume
for vacuum chamber 15-20m^3)
• To minimize downtime, vacuum condition is ideal
and constant
• Reaction between metal and oxygen/water vapor
from residual gas cause contamination of the
evaporated layer, resulting in poor brilliance, lack of
metallic character, poor barrier, poor adhesion, and
high electrical resistance of the metal layer.
31. Evaporation sources
• Resistance evaporator known as boats
• A wire is brought into contact with each
boats which it instantly melt and become
gaseous.
• The metal vapour condense on cooled film
and form a thin metal coating on the film
surface.
Thermal
Evaporation
• Higher evaporation temperatures than
resistance evaporator
• Disadvantage: complex instrumentation
required
E-beam
Evaporation
• Metal atoms are removed from a solid
target by means of ion bombardment
• Then absorbed on the substrate surface
facing the target
Sputtering
32. 1. Loading of the nonmetallized reel into the
winding chamber
2. Closing and evacuation of the chamber
3. Heating of the boats
4. Unwinding of the reel
5. Opening the aperture above the boats
6. Metallization of the film reel
7. Cooling of the boats
8. Venting of the chamber
9. Opening of the chamber and removing the
metalized film reel
10.Cleaning of the chamber
33. •OVPD was invented by S.Forrest at
Princeton University
•Has potential to overcome the
limitation of VTE
•The arrangement of evaporation and
condensation is decoupled
34. Principle of OVPD
1. Evaporation of the organic material occurs in
individual and decoupled quartz pipes.
2. A precise amount of carrier gas is added into
each quartz pipe by MFC to pick up organic
molecules.
3. Then it’s transported into hot wall deposition
chamber
4. They (ex: host and dopant) mix and evaporate.
5. They diffuse through the boundary layer on to
the cooled substrate
35. OVPD Process Properties VTE
10^-3 -10 Torr Pressure <10^-6 Torr
(~1%) Layer uniformity (~3%)
<0.5% Doping control >2.0%
Low Cross
contamination
High
~5-10Å Thickness control ~5-10Å
50-70% Deposition
efficiency
<15%
Low because of hot
wall design
System downtime High because of
particle generation
38. • Our daily activities nowadays are
mainly supported by machine and
electronic devices based on silicon
chip technology.
• Consumers demand small size
devices at very low price. However,
the technology to shrink the size of
silicon chip will reach its limitation,
besides the cost of building a chip
manufacturing plant doubles every
36 months.
• As an alternative to obtain low cost
small size devices, some scientists
look at utilizing organic thin films.
39. Using Organic Transistors-Flexible
Displays
• Displays play an important
role in the interaction
between human beings and
information.
• Organic materials are used in
the display mechanisms of
today's LCD and OLED
displays, but their control
systems consist of inorganic
transistors on glass
substrates (silicon TFT).
40. • This type of display is difficult to bend.
However, a display with organic
transistors on a plastic substrate would
be completely flexible. Such a display
could also be dropped without breaking,
rolled up, or folded
41. Organic Solar Cells (OSCs)
• (OSCs) have long been a promising alternative to
conventional solar cells, but their low efficiency,
low stability, and low strength
• The most common and promising application of
Organic Photovoltaic cells are in organic solar
cells. Because of the lower costs with printed
photovoltaic, there is great potential of installing
organic solar panels at any location, including
stand-alone power stations and on buildings or
roads, for developing countries and rural areas,
where electrical infrastructure lacks.
42. • An (OSCs) that generates a
sufficiently high voltage to
recharge a lithium-ion battery
• OSCs are based on organic
conductors and semiconductors
which can be applied from the
liquid phase by techniques like
spincoating or inkjet printing.
• Portable electronic devices such
as e-book readers, cameras and
some mobile phones could soon
be recharged on the move in low
light levels and with partial
shading.
44. • Visible light emission can be stimulated by
applying a voltage to a thin layer of an
organic semiconductor.
• The light emitted provides a window on the
physics of the material, enabling us to learn
about the nature of the excited states in the
material.
• It is also useful for information display,
lighting, and even for the treatment of skin
cancer.
45. • light-emitting organic semiconductor could be used for
high efficiency lighting, thereby reducing energy
consumption.
• 55-inch television set from the South Korean
electronics giant is just four millimeters thick and using
the display technology of organic light emitting diodes
(OLED).
• OLED televisions do not require back lighting and
feature better color contrast than normal LED flat
panel televisions.
46. Active-matrix organic light-emitting
diode (AMOLED)
• A display technology for use in
mobile devices and
televisions. OLED describes a
specific type of thin-film display
technology in which organic
compounds form
the electroluminescent material,
and active matrix refers to the
technology behind the
addressing of pixels.
47. • As of 2012,
AMOLED
technology is used
in mobile phones,
media players and
digital cameras
• Samsung has
marketed their
version of this
technology
as Super AMOLED
48.
49. Future of Organic Electronic
Smart Textiles
• Interactive textiles or so-called smart fabric products
are reaching the market for healthcare/medical, public
safety, military, and sporting applications. These
products will be designed to monitor the wearer's
physical well being and vital signs such as heart rate,
temperature, and caloric consumption, among many
others.
• Smart fabrics are driven by technological
improvements and increasing reliance on MEM’s based
integrated sensors. Development of flexible displays
comprised of OLED technologies will be integrated into
clothing solutions, providing the ability to view
information in real-time via wireless communications.
50. Skin Cancer Treatment:
– team of researchers in Scotland has demonstrated
in a pilot study that OLEDs may one day change
the way photodynamic therapy (PDT) is used to
treat skin cancer.
– In addition to the treatment of skin cancers, the
researchers believe the technology could also be
used in the cosmetic industry for anti-aging
treatments or skin conditions such as acne.
51. Portable Compact Screens
• Screens that can roll up
into small devices
• Black and White prototype
already made by Philips
(the Readius™ at the
bottom-left)
Lab on a chip:
• A device that incorporates
multiple laboratory
functions in a single chip
• Organic is replacing some
Si fabrication methods:
-Lower cost
-Easier to manufacture
-More flexible
52. Advantages of Organic Electronics
While silicon processing requires
temperatures above 1000 °C and clean room
conditions, "plastic electronics" merely
require room temperature.
In contrast to the
current time-
consuming and thus
expensive
technology, organic
semiconductors can
be mass-produced at
a low cost.
the manufacturing
methods are
environmentally
friendly and save
resources
easily and flexibly
adapt to surfaces,
requiring only little
space, and are
virtually unbreakable
53. Disadvantages of Organic Electronics
• Conductive polymers have high resistance and
therefore are not good conductors of electricity.
• Because of poor electronic behavior (lower
mobility), they have much smaller bandwidths.
• Shorter lifetimes and are much more dependant
on stable environment conditions than inorganic
electronics would be.
54. CONCLUSION
• With the consistent refinement
of organic electronics, numerous
application possibilities for
everyday use will arise.
• For example, one could think of
illuminated wallpapers for room
lighting or as a variant with an
imprinted TV.
• Windows made of transparent
solar cells could provide houses
with energy. Screens and laptops
could be printed and rolled.
• There are hardly any limits to the
imagination.
55. REFERENCES
Bruce E. Kahn. Organic electronics technology. Retrieved on December 3, 2012 from
http://www.frontiernet.net/~print.elect/files/Organic%20Electronics%20Technology.pdf
Deepak Gupta. Organic Electronics II. .Retrieved on December 2, 2012 from
http://www.iitk.ac.in/directions/directions_dec07/3jan~DEEPAK.pdf
Ilya Koltover (2007). Materials matter. Retrieved on December 1, 2012 from
http://www.sigmaaldrich.com/content/dam/sigma-aldrich/materials-science/material-
matters/material_matters_v2n3.pdf
J. M. Shaw, P. F. Seidler. Retrieved on December 2, 2012 from
http://www.depeca.uah.es/depeca/repositorio/asignaturas/32305/shaw.pdf
Roland Ghim Siong Goh (August 2008). Carbon nantube for organic electronics.
Retrieved on December 1, 2012 from
http://eprints.qut.edu.au/20849/1/Roland_Goh_Thesis.pdf
Ossila - enabling organic electronics. Retrieved on December 2, 2012 from
http://www.ossila.com/
