This document provides an overview of terrorism including its origins, meaning, history and types. It discusses how the term terrorism originated from Old French and Latin referring to great fear or terror. Terrorism is defined as the systematic use of violence or threats to coerce others. The document traces the history of terrorism back to first century Jewish groups and its use to describe the Jacobins during the French Revolution. It then outlines six categories of terrorism and provides examples of well-known terrorist groups, the aims of terrorists, and issues around terrorism and Islam and Azerbaijan. The document concludes with descriptions of counter-terrorism approaches, both non-military and military.
2. THE ORIGIN OF THE WORD
The word “terror” comes from the following
origins:
Old French “terreur”(great fear)
Latin “terrorem”(nominative terror)
PIE root *tre-(shake)
PIE(Proto-Indo-European language)
3. THE MEANING OF THE
TERRORISM
• Terrorism is the
systematic use
of terror, often violent,
especially as a
means of coercion.
• In the international
community, however,
terrorism has no
legally binding,
criminal law
definition.
4. THE HISTORY OF THE
TERRORISM
The history of terrorism goes back to Sicarii
Zealots — Jewish extremist group active
in Judaea Province at the beginning of the 1st
century AD. After Zealotry rebellion in the 1st
century AD, when some prominent
collaborators with Roman rule were
killed, according to contemporary historian
Josephus, in 6 AD Judas of Galilee formed a
small and more extreme offshoot of the
Zealots, the Sicarii. Their terror also was
directed against Jewish "collaborators",
including temple priests, Sadducees,
Herodians, and other wealthy elites.
5. THE HISTORY OF THE
TERRORISM
The term "terrorism" itself was originally used
to describe the actions of the Jacobin
Club during the "Reign of Terror" in the French
Revolution. "Terror is nothing other than
justice, prompt, severe, inflexible," said
Jacobin leader Maximilien Robespierre. In
1795, Edmund Burke denounced the Jacobins
for letting "thousands of those hell-hounds
called Terrorists...loose on the people" of
France.
6. Types of Terrorism
In early 1975, the Law Enforcement Assistant
Administration in the United States formed the
National Advisory Committee on Criminal
Justice Standards and Goals. One of the five
volumes that the committee wrote was
entitled Disorders and Terrorism, produced by
the Task Force on Disorders and Terrorism
under the direction of H.H.A. Cooper, Director
of the Task Force staff. The Task Force
classified terrorism into six categories.
7. Civil disorder
A form of collective
violence interfering
with
the peace, security,
and normal
functioning of the
community.
8. Political terrorism
Violent criminal
behavior designed
primarily to
generate fear in the
community, or
substantial segment of
it, for political
purposes.
9. Non-Political terrorism
Terrorism that is not aimed
at political purposes but
which exhibits “conscious
design to create and
maintain a high degree of
fear for coercive purposes,
but the end is individual or
collective gain rather than
the achievement of a
political objective.”
10. Quasi-terrorism
The activities incidental to the commission
of crimes of violence that are similar in form and
method to genuine terrorism but which
nevertheless lack its essential ingredient. It is not
the main purpose of the quasi-terrorists to induce
terror in the immediate victim as in the case of
genuine terrorism, but the quasi-terrorist uses the
modalities and techniques of the genuine terrorist
and produces similar consequences and reaction.
For example, the fleeing felon who
takes hostages is a quasi-terrorist, whose methods
are similar to those of the genuine terrorist but
whose purposes are quite different.
11. Limited political terrorism
Genuine political terrorism is characterized by
a revolutionary approach; limited political
terrorism refers to “acts of terrorism which are
committed for ideological or political motives
but which are not part of a concerted
campaign to capture control of the state.”
12. Official or state terrorism
It is referring to nations whose rule is based
upon fear and oppression that reach similar to
terrorism or such proportions. It may also be
referred to as Structural Terrorism defined
broadly as terrorist acts carried out by
governments in pursuit of political objectives,
often as part of their foreign policy.
13.
14. Aim of terrorists
A terrorist group commits acts of violence to -
Produce widesrpead fear
Obtain worldwide, national, or local recognition for their
cause by attracting the attention of the media
Harass, weaken, or embarrass government security forces so
that the government overreacts and appears repressive
Steal or extort money and equipment, especially weapons
and ammunition vital to the operation of their group
Destroy facilities or disrupt lines of communication in order to
create doubt that the government can provide for and protect
its citizens
15. Discourage foreign investments, tourism, or
assistance programs that can affect the target
country’s economy and support of the government
in power
Influence government decisions, legislation, or
other critical decisions
Free prisoners
Satisfy vengeance
Turn the tide in a guerrilla war by forcing
government security forces to concentrate their
efforts in urban areas. This allows the terrorist
group to establish itself among the local populace
Aim of terrorists
16. Well-known terrorist groups
al-Qaeda
Hamas
Hezbollah
Taliban
Liberation Tigers
of Tamil Eelam
Kurdistan Workers' Party
17. Terrorism and Islam
It is unfortunate that Islam, the religion of
peace, hope, harmony, goodwill and
Brotherhood had been badly tarnished by the
perpetrators of various terrorists acts and
barbarism as seen in recent years.
18. Islamophobia is prejudic
e against, hatred
towards, or irrational fear
of Muslims.
Islamaphobia
22. Counter-terrorism
Counter-terrorism incorporates the
practices, tactics, techniques, and strategies
that governments, militaries, police
departments and corporations adopt to attack
terrorist threats and/or acts, both real and
imputed.
24. Non-Military
The human security paradigm outlines a non-
military approach which aims to address the
enduring underlying inequalities which fuel
terrorist activity. Causal factors need to be
delineated and measures implemented which
allow equal access to resources
and sustainability for all people. Such activities
empower citizens providing 'freedom from fear'
and 'freedom from want'.
25.
26. Military
Terrorism has often been used to justify
military intervention in countries like Pakistan
where terrorists are said to be based. That
was the main stated justification for the U.S.
invasion of Afghanistan. It was also a stated
justification for the second Russian invasion of
Chechnya.
