Conceptual and geometric design of tunnel and quantity estimation
1. Conceptual and Geometric Design of
Nahhaki Tunnel and Quantity Estimation
Submitted To: Sir. Ali Murad Kisana
Submitted By: Group_01
Atiqa Ijaz Khan
02
Rabia Zahoor
16
M. Fahad
25
UNIVERSITY OF THE PUNJAB
INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGY
2. Table of Contents
List of Figures
01
List of Tables
02
Chapter 1………………………………………………………………………………………………
03
Introduction
04
Chapter 2……………………………………………………………………………………………..
05
Literature Review
06
Tunnel
06
Aspect of Tunnel Design
07
Chapter 3………………………………………………………………………………………………
12
Datasets and Methodology
13
Methodology
17
Arc GIS Output
21
CAD Output
27
Chapter 4………………………………………………………………………………………….
33
Issues and Problems
34
References
38
UNIVERSITY OF THE PUNJAB
INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGY
3. M.Phil. Geomatics (Session 2013-15)
List of Figures
06
Fig 1: Study area
13
Fig 2: Drainage pattern
14
Fig 3: Topographic features
15
Fig 4: Army camp on the project site
15
Fig 5: Elevation (contours)
16
Fig 6: Available data
16
Fig 7: Contours map from raster
17
Fig 8: Drainage map from arc gis
18
Fig 9: Suggested route
19
Fig 10: Route profile
20
Fig 11: KML route
20
Fig 12: Profile of access road
21
Fig 13: Map of south access road
22
Fig 14: Box cut profile
23
Fig 15: Map of south box cut
24
Fig 16: Map of north box cut
25
Fig 17: Map of tunnel
26
Fig 18: Tunnel profile
27
Fig 19: South existing road (cad)
28
Fig 20: South access road (cad)
28
Fig 21: South box cut (cad)
28
Fig 22: Tunnel (cad)
29
Fig 23: North portal of tunnel (cad)
29
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Fig A: Tunnel basic
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4. M.Phil. Geomatics (Session 2013-15)
Fig 24: Problem 01
34
Fig 25: Solution 01
35
Fig 26: Problem 02
36
Fig 27: Solution 02
37
List of Tables
30
Table 02: Quantity estimation
32-33
Table 03: Calculated values for cut/fill
33
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Table 01: CAD calculations
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5. M.Phil. Geomatics (Session 2013-15)
-Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION
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[This portion explains a kind of summary of
all the project that’s going on.]
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6. M.Phil. Geomatics (Session 2013-15)
Introduction
I
n present modern times, road infrastructure plays an important role in the
economy of any country. As being most common and daily use of
communication, its development and maintenance is the key for its long-term
sustainability.
So the road construction and its other helping aspects should be done with proper
care and precise measurements. Because it directly effects the finance.
In the same way, one of the example is the construction of a tunnel along with its
parameters and estimations. This catches our main focus in this project report. As
the structure stands, it joins the terminals…
The study area belongs to Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan, where the task is to
construct a tunnel over a ridge, so to accelerate the vehicles speed and lessen the
time travelling.
For this, there are few of the limitations and conditions that should be full filled in
order to complete the task properly on time.
By the aid of surveying methods, and software, the conceptual and geometrical
design is established. That then further goes for approval for its construction. The
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details and procedures are explained in upcoming portions.
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7. M.Phil. Geomatics (Session 2013-15)
-Chapter 2
LITERATURE REVIEW
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[The following explains a review of available
literature on the tunnel design and
construction. Including all the inspection
plans, assessments, and procedure of
ventilation. ]
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8. M.Phil. Geomatics (Session 2013-15)
Tunnel Design and Construction Overview
T
he design and construction of the tunnel differs from other structures due to
difficulty in accessing properly the geological properties, along its way. It
should done with precise measurements so that to reduce the risks of hazards.
Tunnel
“A tunnel is a horizontal passage-way located underground.”
While erosion and other natural forces can also form the tunnels. Tunnels can be
created by excavation process. There are different method for this process. Like,
Tunnel Basics
Few of the basic process and terminology used in tunneling procedure. Like, Shaft,
they are vertically, hand-dug portion in the mountains, in order to check the rock
structure and soil type for further excavation. The Portal, which is the opening and
Fig A: Tunnel Basic
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closing of the tunnel.
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9. M.Phil. Geomatics (Session 2013-15)
Aspects of Tunnel Design
The following are the few important aspects of tunnel design and construction:
1. Site selection
2. Tunnel design construction
3. Ground support design
4. Ventilation system design
5. Communication system
6. Hazards reporting
7. Personal protective equipment
8. Emergency response
9. Record keeping
10. Risk assessment
11. Existing services
12. Access
Site Selection
The site selection includes deep study of that particular area, ground availability and
specifications. The designer should be equipped with all the required information.
Following are the important studies that are used in order to select the suitable site:
1. Study of geology, topography and hydrology.
2. Climatic conditions.
4. Underground survey.
5. Rock mass condition and geology.
6. Weak regions.
7. Ground movement and scale.
8. Previous work or historic data.
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3. Groundwater test and check, quality, volume etc.
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10. M.Phil. Geomatics (Session 2013-15)
Tunnel Construction Review
The construction review must include all the possible opportunities and issues. It
may encounter all the construction design and assumed data to define the buildable
portions. It also includes all the details of:
1. Tunnel dimensions,
2. Allowable excavation limits,
3. Lining requirement,
4. Tunnel deformation conditions
Ground Support Design
As the construction of the tunnel requires the procedure of excavation, therefore, it
may put weights on the existing rock structure. That’s why a ground support is
required in order to overcome and control any upcoming problems. It involves both
structural work and soil type.
Its design may vary according to the requirements. Sometimes a permanent support
is used. And sometimes, a pre-construction ground support is also developed to
compensate any hazard ahead.
Ventilation System
The ventilation system provides enough measurements to deal with all kind of:
1. Underground gases,
3. Heat and fumes through excavation process,
Throughout the procedure continues for tunneling, the ventilation design should
face-through.
Communication System
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2. Production of dust during operation,
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11. M.Phil. Geomatics (Session 2013-15)
Communication plays a key role to the passing of information and instruction
during the construction, lifting, monitoring of the systems, transporting persons
and materials, monitoring and maintenance. There should establish a two-way radio
control room for dealing with all kind of necessary communication.
It should soundly connects the main work places like:
1. Tunnel portal and faces,
2. Shaft top and bottom,
3. Site offices and first aid rooms,
4. Emergency control offices.
Personal Protective Equipment
It should be done much more effectively in order to insure the safety. Therefore, it
is regularly reviewed, inspected, maintained and replace if so necessary.
It mostly includes:
1. Clothing for protection,
2. Eye protection,
3. Fall-arrest equipment,
4. Hearing protection,
5. High visibility garments,
6. Respiratory protective equipment,
7. Footwear,
9. Safety gloves,
10. Water-proof clothing,
11. Self-rescuers (oxygen)
Hazard Reporting
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8. Safety helmets,
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12. M.Phil. Geomatics (Session 2013-15)
As there is hazard or any related issue or problem, it should be mentioned to the
authorities to take further steps, in order to avoid them in future. All the details
must be recorded and addressed as soon as possible.
Emergency Response
In case of emergency, the authorities should kept the following things in notice:
1. Shutting down of excavation process,
2. Evacuation of the persons from the work place,
3. Emergency communication,
4. Power shut down in case of power failure,
5. Tunnel collapse and rescue of trapped persons,
6. Providing breathing equipment and apparatus,
7. Sudden flooding and boating,
8. Under-ground explosions or ignitions, and fire-extinguishers.
9. Suitable medical treatment.
Record Keeping
One of the main aspects is to rack and keep all the record for further assessment
and use. It may include:
1. Monthly reports,
2. Risk assessments,
3. Geo-technical reports,
5. Health and safety reports,
6. Accidents investigation reports,
7. Hazard reports,
8. Site instruction reports.
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4. Inspection reports,
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Risk Assessment
To reduce the material property risk and hazards:
1. Existing geological information and structure should be reviewed with
proper care.
2. Site investigation should be done on the standard terms.
3. The design should specifies the assumed geological conditions.
4. It should also explains the possible uncertainties and issues.
Existing Services
Before going to step into the tunneling process and excavation, all the existing fields
and services must be identified. So to define the path and method that suits and
serve the best. The existing services may include:
1. Gas pipe lines,
2. Water supply,
3. Sewer lines,
4. Telephone cables,
5. Electricity
Access
For to access the construction site, it should be pre-planned in order to control the
timings and turn it cost effective.
1. Walkways,
2. Stairways,
3. Ladders.
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Access should be safe, and it may be from any ways like:
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14. M.Phil. Geomatics (Session 2013-15)
-Chapter 3
STUDY AREA, DATA SETS
METHODOLOGY, AND OUTPUT
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[This portion explains in detail the overall procedure,
conditions, limitations and methods to explore the
accepted model of a tunnel. And also elaborates the
output.]
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15. M.Phil. Geomatics (Session 2013-15)
Study Area, Datasets and Methodology
T
he following sections explains the terminology as:
Study Area
The study area belongs to Nahhaki, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. The project
area has strengthen road infrastructure for connecting the two ends across the
mountain. The required area having latitude and longitude of upper corner and
lower corner as 34°24'34.38"N, 71°20'38.16"E, and 34°23'40.30"N, 71°20'40.11"E
respectively.
Fig 1: Study Area
Aims and Objective
And to estimate the quantity of cut and fill for the construction of the road to
access end terminals.
Conditions
The followings are conditions, on which basis tunnel should be constructed:
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Our task is to suggest the conceptual and geometrical design of Nahhaki tunnel
across the mountain.
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16. M.Phil. Geomatics (Session 2013-15)
1. Tunnel grade should be less than 1.5%.
2. Access road grade should be less than 4%.
3. Tunnel length should be less than 800 meters.
These are the fore-most conditions that should not cross. Few of the others are
as follows:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Tunnel height approx. to 8 meters.
Over-burden approx. to 20-22 meters.
Tunnel should not have the curve, preferred to be straight.
Already existing road should not be used.
Hill should be avoided.
Width of the access road is approx. to 11.5 meters.
Limitations
Before to start the construction, the conceptual design faces few of the topographic
limitations, like:
Fig 2: Drainage Pattern
2. Topographic features
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1. Drainage pattern
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17. M.Phil. Geomatics (Session 2013-15)
Fig 3: Topographic Features
3. Army camp
4. Elevation of the area
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Fig 4: Army Camp before the South Portal on the way of its Access Road
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18. M.Phil. Geomatics (Session 2013-15)
Fig 5: Contours
Available Data
−
Fig 6: Available Data (.dwg format)
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The survey has been done, with all the possible available control points, showing
the elevation contours. And then displayed on the CAD drawing.
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19. M.Phil. Geomatics (Session 2013-15)
The contours ranges from 795 m – 970 m.
Software
The software used to conduct this project are:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
CAD_2007
Arc GIS_9.3
Arc hydrology tool box_1.3
Google Earth_4.2
Excel_2013
Methodology
The details of the procedure is given below:
Step 01:
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1. Add the CAD drawing in Arc GIS.
2. Apply ‘Selection by Attribute’ query as to select the contours from it:
a. Layer = Index OR Layer = Intermediate
b. Export it.
c. Select all the contours that > than 700 m and are < than 1000 m.
3. Make a boundary all around the selected contours area.
4. Generate a raster as:
a. Toolbox -3D Analyst- Raster Interpolation – Topo to Raster
5. Now interpolate the contours from that Raster.
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20. M.Phil. Geomatics (Session 2013-15)
Fig 7: Contours from the Raster
Fig 8: Drainage Pattern
7. Our next task is to find the area suitable for the access road. And its grade
should not be greater than 4 % as per the condition.
8. Calculate the Slope in Degrees and to convert it in percentage by using
‘Raster Calculator’ by using the conversion expression of:
a. 1st Step: “Tan (Slope of DEM * 3.1416 / 180) * 100”.
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6. The next step is to collect the drainage pattern of the raster area. For this
use the ‘Arc Hydro Toolbox’. And follow the steps to get the pattern as:
a. Terrain Processing – Flow Direction – Flow Direction with Sinks –
Flow Accumulations – Stream Definition – Steam Segmentation –
Flow Direction with Steam – Drainage Line from Stream
b. The final output somewhat look like this:
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21. M.Phil. Geomatics (Session 2013-15)
Fig 9: Suggested Route
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b. 2nd Step: Slope in Percentage <4.
c. 3rd Step: Digitize the route including access road (slope < 4%) and
tunnel section (slope < 1.5%) as follows:
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22. M.Phil. Geomatics (Session 2013-15)
9. Now check the profile of the suggested route. For this, use ‘3D Analyst’ tool
bar as: 3D Analyst – Interpolate Line – Create Profile Graph
a. Starting with elevation 800 m – 945 m.
Fig 10: Route Profile
10. Export the Profile values to Excel for further plotting.
11. To re-check the route, export it to kml by using ‘Conversion Tools’ as:
Conversion Tools – To kml – layer to kml (Where, Red Line shows the Route).
Monday, January 20, 2014
Fig 11: KML of Route
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23. M.Phil. Geomatics (Session 2013-15)
12. The last step in Arc GIS is again the conversion. But this time, in CAD
drawing, using ‘Conversion Tools’ as: Conversion Tools – To CAD – Export to
CAD.
Arc GIS Output
Fig 12: Profiles of Access Road North and South
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The final results obtained from the Arc GIS are given in map format, along with their
profile are as follows:
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25. M.Phil. Geomatics (Session 2013-15)
Now the maps of these areas as shown below.
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Fig 14: Profiles of North and South Box Cut
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26. Fig 15: Map of South Box Cut
Now for the North portal of the tunnel, along with box cut and access road.
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M.Phil. Geomatics (Session 2013-15)
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27. M.Phil. Geomatics (Session 2013-15)
Now for the tunnel itself.
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Fig 16: North Portal of the Tunnel
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28. Fig 17: Map of Tunnel
And its profile is given below.
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M.Phil. Geomatics (Session 2013-15)
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29. M.Phil. Geomatics (Session 2013-15)
Fig 18: Profile of a Tunnel
Step 02:
CAD Output
The final outputs obtained from the CAD are as given bellow:
Monday, January 20, 2014
1. Add exported file from the Arc GIS_9.3 to the CAD_2007.
2. Now “define the elevations” over the route for construction purpose, on
following items like:
a. South Access Road
b. South Existing Road
c. South Box Cut
d. Tunnel
e. North Box Cut
f. North Existing Road
g. North Access Road
3. Mention the elevations and distances on the drawing.
4. Sketch the Access Road on both terminals of mountain, through the box cut.
5. Define the road under the tunnel with its height, elevations and distances.
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30. M.Phil. Geomatics (Session 2013-15)
Fig 19: South Existing Road (CAD)
Fig 21: South Box Cut (CAD)
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Fig 20: South Access Road (CAD)
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31. M.Phil. Geomatics (Session 2013-15)
S:
South
Road_S1: Next to existing road
Road_S2:
Before Box cut_S
Box
Proposed road
Cut_S1:
section on
Tunnel_1:
Base of tunnel
Tunnel_2:
Height of tunnel
N:
North
Box
Proposed road
Cut_N1:
section on
Proposed road next
Road_N1
to Tunnel
lower elevations
lower elevations
lower elevations
lower elevations
Fig 22: Tunnel (CAD)
Fig 23: North Portal of Tunnel
1. The next step is in Excel to write down all the values for further calculations.
2. Write down all the lengths.
3. Also note down the Starting as well as Ending Elevations of the route and
proposed road.
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Step 03:
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33. M.Phil. Geomatics (Session 2013-15)
Step 04:
1. The last step is to Estimate the quantity for the cut and fill of the proposed
road.
2. For this, calculate the area for every 5 sections of the tunnel.
3. Note down separately for the cut and fill.
4. The width of the road is 11.5 m.
5. So, multiply with this term to get the volume.
6. Put all the values in Excel sheet.
QUANTITY ESTIMATION
Seri
al
No.
Names
Cut
Area(m2)
Fill
Area(m2)
Difference
Cut Volume(m3)
Fill
Volum
e(m3)
Differen
ce
1
Access
Rd_S
1853.3865
173.7524
1679.6341
21313.94475
1998.15
26
19315.7921
5
2
Box
Cut_S
4512.4514
0
0
51893.1911
0
0
3
Tunnel
5998.11
0
0
68978.265
0
0
4
Box
Cut_N
668.5901
0
0
7688.78615
0
0
5
Access
Rd_N
48.5798
0
0
558.6677
0
0
Seri
al
No.
Names
Cut
Area(ft2)
Fill
Area(ft2)
Difference
Cut Volume
Fill
Volum
e
Differen
ce
(ft3)
(ft3)
Access
Rd_S
19949.68
626
1870.255269
18079.43099
229421.392
21507.9
3559
207913.45
64
2
Box
Cut_S
48571.622
64
0
0
558573.6604
0
0
3
Tunnel
64563.118
73
0
0
742475.8654
0
0
4
Box
Cut_N
7196.6439
44
0
0
82761.40536
0
0
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1
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35. M.Phil. Geomatics (Session 2013-15)
-Chapter 4
ISSUES AND PROBLEMS
Monday, January 20, 2014
[This section highlights few of the problems that come
in our way during the conceptual and geometric design
of the access road and the construction of the tunnel]
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36. M.Phil. Geomatics (Session 2013-15)
Issues and Problems
T
here are few of the problems mentioned here that come in our way while
designing. They are as follows:
Problem 01:
The existing road should be avoided. Otherwise, it is rejected.
Here,
Red Line = Existing Road
Fig 24: Problem 01
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Yellow Line = Proposed Road
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37. M.Phil. Geomatics (Session 2013-15)
Solution:
To avoid this, use the lower elevations as compare to above shown high elevated
road.
Here,
Red Line = Proposed Road
Brown Line = Existing Road
Problem 2:
The tunnel should not have a curve in its path. Otherwise, it is rejected.
Here,
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Fig 25: Solution 01
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38. M.Phil. Geomatics (Session 2013-15)
Red Line = Tunnel
Black Line = Proposed Route
Fig 26: Problem 02
Solution:
Here,
Red Line = Tunnel
Brown Line = Existing Road
Monday, January 20, 2014
For use, re-adjust the tunnel section, by digitizing, but using the same levels for
elevations.
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