2. . definitions & elements . Definition Edward B. Tylor, 1871: “ That complex whole which includes knowledge, belief, art, morals, law, custom, and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society.” (Borgata and Montgomery, 2001) Includes: Language, religious beliefs, customs & courtesies, laws, clothing & jewelry, diet, artistic expression, recreation.
3. . theories & models . Pattern Theory “ The culture from any given society can be formally described… it can be placed in formal categories representing different spheres of social life to facilitate comparison between societies. As such, universal patterns of culture can be constructed.” (Borgata and Montgomery, 2001)
4. . theories & models . Layers of Culture: Model #1 (O’Neil, 2006) Cultural Universals* Specific Culture/Society Subcultures
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6. . theories & models . Layers of Culture: Model #2 (Rousseau, 1990) Visible: Artifacts Hidden: Values Hidden: Behavioral Norms & Taboos Hidden: Fundamental Assumptions & Beliefs Visible: Behavioral Patterns
7. Anderson’s Dimensions of Non-Western & Western Worldviews (Anderson, 1988) . theories & models . * Euro/Americans (primarily males) & Minorities with a High-Degree of Western Acculturation *American Indians, Mexican-Americans, African-Americans, Vietnamese-Americans, Puerto Rican-Americans, Chinese-Americans, Japanese-Americans & many Euro/American Females Analytical Thinking (elements are perceived as separate & distinct from the larger whole/field) Holistic/Relational Thinking (individual elements are perceived as part of a larger whole/field) Believe Western Worldview is Superior Accepts Other Worldviews Religion is Separate from Culture Religion Permeates Culture Time Proved Invariant Structure Time is Relative Values Mastery & Control of Nature Values Harmony with Nature Nuclear Family Extended Family Limited Emotional Expression Emotionally Expressive Task Orientation Social Orientation Individual/Competition Cooperation/Group Achievement Western* Non-Western*
8. Intercultural Communications: Edward T. Hall’s Cultural Factors (Hall, 1971) . theories & models . Product over Process Process over Product Process or Product? Highly Organized; Scheduling Open & Flexible Flexibility of Time Low Commitment to Long-Term Relationships; Work Trumps Relationship High Commitment to Long-Term Relationships: Relationship Trumps Work Commitment: Relationship or Work? Fragile Bonds; Little Sense of Loyalty Strong People Bonds; Affiliation to Family & Community People Bonds Flexible & Open Group Patterns; Group Loyalties More Likely to Change as Needed Strong Distinction between In-Group & Out-Group ; Strong Sense of Family Groups- Cohesive or Separated? Reactions Tend to be Visible, External & Outward Reactions Tend to be Reserved & Inward Expressing Reaction Focus on Verbal Communication; Body Language Tends to be Secondary Nonverbal Communication; Body Language is Important Verbal or Nonverbal Communication? Outer Locus of Control; Blame Others for Failure Inner Locus of Control; Personal Acceptance for Failure Control & Failure Attribution Overt & Explicit; Simple & Clear; “ Spell Everything Out” Covert & Implicit; Metaphor; “ Read Between the Lines” Messages- Overt or Covert? American, German, Swiss, Northern-European, English Japanese, African-American, Latino, French, Arab, Mediterranean Who? Low-Context Culture High-Context Culture Factors/Signifiers
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15. . cultural identifiers & library adaptations . Adaptations to Changing Culture Health Materials Wellness Fairs ESL Programs Minority Staffing Foreign Language Materials Year-Round Storytime Classroom Materials Children’s Group Tours Digitization of Collections Online Services Public Computer Terminals Traditional Information Services
16. How does a professional execute diagnosis , prescription , treatment & evaluation of the client with culture in mind? (Grover, 1993) . service design & the culture of the individual user .
