1. BAT213
COASTAL & MARINE ECOSYSTEM

3. Balik Pulau

5. Sites Visited

6. Balik Pulau Market
• Wet market
• Dry market
• Halal stall for Muslims

10. Next Station!
Pantai
Acheh !!

11. Pantai Acheh

12. Pantai Acheh
• A small Chinese fishing community on the
west coast of Penang Island.
• Located at the end of Jalan Pantai Acheh.

14. flatworm

15. Sungai Burung Mangrove Forest

16. Kampung Sungai Burung

17. Sungai Burung Mangrove Forest
• A famous stopover for the migratory birds
because of abundance of shelter and food.
• The mangrove provided the villagers with a
good catch when they fish near the coast, and
sheltered the jetties
• This forest was the one of the hardest hit area
in Penang in 26 December 2004.

18. “The Green War 2011’ campaign. The participants are planting
the mangrove saplings along Sungai Burung, Penang

20. Why mangroves are most successful
in low-lying regions with relatively
large tidal fluctuations?

21. Tidal fluctuation
Where evaporation is
very high, it wash
excess salt away Reduction of
preventing excessively competition
high soil salinity
concentrations

22. Transportation Exporting
Alternating of relatively wastes, Effective
Reduction of
wetting clean water detritus and dispersal of
competition
and drying and nutrients sulfur propagules
in compounds

23. Salt water
adaptations :

24. 2 major methods
mangroves use to deal
with living in salt water.

25. Root adaptations to soft, saline soils
• Far-reaching, exposed roots.
• Some species of mangroves have pneumataphores
• Some mangroves species adapted to stop the intake of a lot
of the salt from the water before it reaches the plant.
Leaf adaptations to saline conditions
• Reduction of transpiration rate on leaf surface to minimise
salt intake.
• Tolerate the storage of large amounts of salt in their leaves .
• Restrict the opening of their stomata.
• Turn their leaves to reduce the surface area of the leaf
exposed to the hot sun.

26. Specific strategies of
each mangrove
species

27. Rhizophora Laguncularia
apiculata racemosa
Prop
root

28. Anaerobic
adaptations :

29. Anaerobi
c
Withou
t Oxygen

30. High salinity
Increase of salt concentration
in the plant tissues
Damage the metabolic
processes
Death of mangroves.

31. Reproduction

32. Unique reproductive
strategies of the mangrove
species
• Mangrove spreads
Hydrochory seeds, fruit, and/ or
propagules.
• Mangrove embryo
Vivipary germinates while still
attached.

33. Important roles of mangroves
in land stabilization and storm
protection
During extreme storms
and hurricanes,
mangrove forests
protect landward coastal
areas.
Underground root
Mangroves trap, hold,
systems which increase
and stabilize inter-tidal
sediment-holding
sediments.
capabilities.
Prevent erosion.

34. Importance of mangroves for
popution of marine organisms
Basis of a
complex marine
Establishment food chain
of restrictive
impoinds that
offer protection
for maturing
offspring
Creation of
breeding habitat

35. Rhizophora apiculata

36. Laguncularia racemosa

37. The Economic Values of Balik
Pulau
Mangrove

38. The Economic Values
• 2 modes:
–Direct values
–Indirect values

39. Direct Values
• Actual removal of mangrove community for
– Personal consumption
– Sold in the market
• Local
• International
• Example:
– Firewood/ charcoal
– Poles for construction works
– Medicine

40. Indirect Values
• Use the mangrove without destroying the
community.
• Examples:
– Fisheries
– Eco-tourism

41. Direct Uses of Mangrove
• Firewood/ charcoal
• Poles for construction works
• Medicine

42. Firewood/ Charcoal
• Trunks & branches – firewood
– High calorific value – produce more heat.
• Process into charcoal
– Absorbs odours and moisture in the air
– Reliefs gastric problems/ indigestion

43. Poles for Construction Works
• As building foundation
– Provides support for houses
– Reasons:
• Can withstand high humidity
• Long-lasting compared to terrestrial wood

44. Medicine
• Leaf of Rhizophora apiculata
– Active ingredients capable to inhibit the growth of
HIV-1 strains
** Presume more potentials in mangrove trees
or other organisms
- New drugs produced

45. Indirect Uses of Mangrove
• Fisheries
• Eco-tourism

46. Fisheries
• Suitable habitat for most of the seafood we
consume
– Examples: Prawns, fish, crabs
• Provides shelter & food source for juveniles
and adult seafood

47. Fisheries
• Continuous supply to market
– Prevent price hike in seafood during monsoon
season

48. Eco-tourism
• Build bridges made up of mangrove tree poles
– Ease visitors especially during high tides/ raining
season.
– Access to zones with substrate too soft to be
stepped on
– Ensure safety of visitors especially children

49. Eco-tourism
• Fisherman provides boat trip services
– Brings visitors out to the sea
– Visitors could understand
• The life of fishermen
• The way they earn a living
• Fishing methods used
• Share life experiences of fishermen in sea
– Expose urban kids to countryside lifestyles

50. Ways to Boost Tourism in Balik Pulau
• Food
• Scenery

51. Food
• A feast or carnival during the durian season, normally
May to July each year.
• Herb garden in Kampung Jalan Bharu.
• Special food presentation to attract attention
– Fresh seafood cooked with herbs
– Served in durian husks
– Fruit pickles (jeruk) as appetizers
– Nutmeg juice to quench thirst
– Durian as dessert
• Taste all the delicacies in just 1 meal.

52. Scenery
• Scenic paddy fields
– Relaxing
– stress-releasing
– Fresh air
– Photography enthusiasts
could snap shots
• Eagle watching
– Unique as not so common
in urban area

53. Human Impact
• Overfishing
– Food sources, net size, greediness of fisherman
• Deforestation
– firewood, construction wood, wood chip and pulp
production, charcoal production, and animal
fodder

54. Human Impact
• Uses of mangrove land for urban development
– agricultural land, anchoring of boats, human
settlements, resettlement activities,
infrastructure, and industrial areas
• Pollution
– Fertilizers, pesticides, discharge of industrial
effluent, Solid waste dumping, pollutants, and
sewage

55. Tsunami
(The Great Sumatra-Andaman Earthquake)
• On 26 December 2004.
• Involved 18 countries.
• Triggered by an earthquake (measuring 9 of
the Richter scale) in Indian Ocean.
• Penang and Kedah affected most.

56. Impacts of Tsunami on Ecosystem
• Physical removal of flora and fauna.
• increased sediment load - will kill sediment
sensitive corals and sea grasses by
smothering.
• Increased turbidity of coastal water.
• Eutrophication.
• Escape of exotic (introduced) species used for
aquaculture.

57. • The areas shielded by mangrove forests
received minimal destructible effects from the
huge tidal wave.
• Reduce the wave energy from Tsunami.
• Reduce erosion of beaches.

58. Thank You