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The essence of data step programming

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Arthur8898
Arthur8898

The fundamental of SAS programming is DATA step programming. The essence of DATA step programming is to understand how SAS processes the data during the compilation and execution phases. In this paper, you will be exposed to what happens “behind the scenes” while creating a SAS dataset. You will learn how a new dataset is created, one observation at a time, from either a raw text file or an existing SAS dataset, to the program data vector (PDV) and from the PDV to the newly-created SAS dataset. Once you fully understand DATA step processing, learning the SUM and RETAIN statements will become easier to grasp. Relating to this topic, this paper will also cover BY-group processing.

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The Essence of DATA Step Programming Arthur Li City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center Department of Information Science
INTRODUCTION SAS programming DATA step programming Understanding how SAS processes the data during the compilation and execution phases Fundamental: Essence:
A COMMON BEFUDDLEMENT ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
INTRODUCTION ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
DATA STEP PROCESSING OVERVIEW Compilation phase: Each statement is scanned for syntax errors. Execution phase: The DATA step reads and processes the input data. If there is no syntax error A DATA step is processed in two-phase sequences :
DATA STEP PROCESSING OVERVIEW Program1: data ex1; infile 'C:rthurxample1.txt' ; input name $ 1 - 7 height 9 - 10 weight 12 - 14 ; BMI = 700 *weight/(height*height); output ; run ; Data Entry Error ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],12-14 Weight 9-10 Height 1-7 Name Columns Variable names Barbara 61 12D John 62 175 Example1.txt 12345678901234567890
COMPILATION PHASE data ex1; infile 'C:rthurxample1.txt' ; input name $ 1 - 7 height 9 - 10 weight 12 - 14 ; BMI = 700 *weight/(height*height); output ; run ; ,[object Object],[object Object],Input buffer
COMPILATION PHASE data ex1; infile 'C:rthurxample1.txt' ; input name $ 1 - 7 height 9 - 10 weight 12 - 14 ; BMI = 700 *weight/(height*height); output ; run ; PDV PDV is created Memory area where SAS builds its new data set, 1 observation at a time. Input buffer _N_ D _ERROR_ D
COMPILATION PHASE data ex1; infile 'C:rthurxample1.txt' ; input name $ 1 - 7 height 9 - 10 weight 12 - 14 ; BMI = 700 *weight/(height*height); output ; run ; PDV PDV is created Automatic variables: _N_ = 1: 1 st observation is being processed _N_ = 2: 2 nd observation is being processed Input buffer _N_ D _ERROR_ D
COMPILATION PHASE data ex1; infile 'C:rthurxample1.txt' ; input name $ 1 - 7 height 9 - 10 weight 12 - 14 ; BMI = 700 *weight/(height*height); output ; run ; PDV PDV is created Automatic variables: _ERROR_ = 1: signals the data error of the currently-processed observation Input buffer _N_ D _ERROR_ D
COMPILATION PHASE data ex1; infile 'C:rthurxample1.txt' ; input name $ 1 - 7 height 9 - 10 weight 12 - 14 ; BMI = 700 *weight/(height*height); output ; run ; PDV A space is added to the PDV for each variable Input buffer _N_ D _ERROR_ D Height K Name K Weight K
COMPILATION PHASE data ex1; infile 'C:rthurxample1.txt' ; input name $ 1 - 7 height 9 - 10 weight 12 - 14 ; BMI = 700 *weight/(height*height); output ; run ; PDV BMI is added to the PDV Input buffer _N_ D _ERROR_ D Height K Name K Weight K BMI K
COMPILATION PHASE data ex1; infile 'C:rthurxample1.txt' ; input name $ 1 - 7 height 9 - 10 weight 12 - 14 ; BMI = 700 *weight/(height*height); output ; run ; PDV D = dropped K = kept Input buffer _N_ D _ERROR_ D Height K Name K Weight K BMI K
COMPILATION PHASE data ex1; infile 'C:rthurxample1.txt' ; input name $ 1 - 7 height 9 - 10 weight 12 - 14 ; BMI = 700 *weight/(height*height); output ; run ; PDV ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Input buffer _N_ D _ERROR_ D Height K Name K Weight K BMI K
EXECUTION PHASE data ex1; infile 'C:rthurxample1.txt' ; input name $ 1 - 7 height 9 - 10 weight 12 - 14 ; BMI = 700 *weight/(height*height); output ; run ; PDV ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Input buffer _N_ D _ERROR_ D Name K Height K Weight K BMI K
EXECUTION PHASE data ex1; infile 'C:rthurxample1.txt' ; input name $ 1 - 7 height 9 - 10 weight 12 - 14 ; BMI = 700 *weight/(height*height); output ; run ; PDV ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],. . . Input buffer _N_ D _ERROR_ D Name K Height K Weight K BMI K 1 0
EXECUTION PHASE data ex1; infile 'C:rthurxample1.txt' ; input name $ 1 - 7 height 9 - 10 weight 12 - 14 ; BMI = 700 *weight/(height*height); output ; run ; PDV 1 st Iteration: B a r b a r a 6 1 1 2 D ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],1 0 . . . Input buffer _N_ D _ERROR_ D Name K Height K Weight K BMI K Barbara 61 12D John 62 175 Example1.txt 12345678901234567890
EXECUTION PHASE data ex1; infile 'C:rthurxample1.txt' ; input name $ 1 - 7 height 9 - 10 weight 12 - 14 ; BMI = 700 *weight/(height*height); output ; run ; PDV 1 st Iteration: B a r b a r a 6 1 1 2 D 1 0 ,[object Object],. . . Input buffer _N_ D _ERROR_ D Name K Height K Weight K BMI K Barbara 61 12D John 62 175 Example1.txt 12345678901234567890
EXECUTION PHASE data ex1; infile 'C:rthurxample1.txt' ; input name $ 1 - 7 height 9 - 10 weight 12 - 14 ; BMI = 700 *weight/(height*height); output ; run ; PDV 1 st Iteration: B a r b a r a 6 1 1 2 D 1 0 ,[object Object],Barbara . . . Input buffer _N_ D _ERROR_ D Name K Height K Weight K BMI K Barbara 61 12D John 62 175 Example1.txt 12345678901234567890
EXECUTION PHASE data ex1; infile 'C:rthurxample1.txt' ; input name $ 1 - 7 height 9 - 10 weight 12 - 14 ; BMI = 700 *weight/(height*height); output ; run ; PDV 1 st Iteration: B a r b a r a 6 1 1 2 D 1 0 ,[object Object],Barbara . . . Input buffer _N_ D _ERROR_ D Name K Height K Weight K BMI K Barbara 61 12D John 62 175 Example1.txt 12345678901234567890
EXECUTION PHASE data ex1; infile 'C:rthurxample1.txt' ; input name $ 1 - 7 height 9 - 10 weight 12 - 14 ; BMI = 700 *weight/(height*height); output ; run ; PDV 1 st Iteration: B a r b a r a 6 1 1 2 D 1 0 . . ,[object Object],Barbara 61 Input buffer _N_ D _ERROR_ D Name K Height K Weight K BMI K Barbara 61 12D John 62 175 Example1.txt 12345678901234567890
EXECUTION PHASE data ex1; infile 'C:rthurxample1.txt' ; input name $ 1 - 7 height 9 - 10 weight 12 - 14 ; BMI = 700 *weight/(height*height); output ; run ; PDV 1 st Iteration: B a r b a r a 6 1 1 2 D 1 0 ,[object Object],Barbara 61 . . Input buffer _N_ D _ERROR_ D Name K Height K Weight K BMI K Barbara 61 12D John 62 175 Example1.txt 12345678901234567890
EXECUTION PHASE data ex1; infile 'C:rthurxample1.txt' ; input name $ 1 - 7 height 9 - 10 weight 12 - 14 ; BMI = 700 *weight/(height*height); output ; run ; PDV 1 st Iteration: B a r b a r a 6 1 1 2 D 1 0 ,[object Object],Barbara 61 . . Input buffer _N_ D _ERROR_ D Name K Height K Weight K BMI K Barbara 61 12D John 62 175 Example1.txt 12345678901234567890
EXECUTION PHASE data ex1; infile 'C:rthurxample1.txt' ; input name $ 1 - 7 height 9 - 10 weight 12 - 14 ; BMI = 700 *weight/(height*height); output ; run ; PDV 1 st Iteration: B a r b a r a 6 1 1 2 D ,[object Object],[object Object],Input buffer Barbara 61 12D John 62 175 Example1.txt 12345678901234567890 _N_ D _ERROR_ D Name K Height K Weight K BMI K 1 1 Barbara 61 . .
EXECUTION PHASE data ex1; infile 'C:rthurxample1.txt' ; input name $ 1 - 7 height 9 - 10 weight 12 - 14 ; BMI = 700 *weight/(height*height); output ; run ; PDV 1 st Iteration: B a r b a r a 6 1 1 2 D ,[object Object],Input buffer Barbara 61 12D John 62 175 Example1.txt 12345678901234567890 _N_ D _ERROR_ D Name K Height K Weight K BMI K 1 1 Barbara 61 . .
EXECUTION PHASE data ex1; infile 'C:rthurxample1.txt' ; input name $ 1 - 7 height 9 - 10 weight 12 - 14 ; BMI = 700 *weight/(height*height); output ; run ; PDV 1 st Iteration: B a r b a r a 6 1 1 2 D ,[object Object],[object Object],Input buffer Barbara 61 12D John 62 175 Example1.txt 12345678901234567890 _N_ D _ERROR_ D Name K Height K Weight K BMI K 1 1 Barbara 61 . .
EXECUTION PHASE data ex1; infile 'C:rthurxample1.txt' ; input name $ 1 - 7 height 9 - 10 weight 12 - 14 ; BMI = 700 *weight/(height*height); output ; run ; PDV 1 st Iteration: B a r b a r a 6 1 1 2 D ,[object Object],[object Object],Ex1: Input buffer Barbara 61 12D John 62 175 Example1.txt 12345678901234567890 1 . . 61 Barbara BMI Weight Height Name _N_ D _ERROR_ D Name K Height K Weight K BMI K 1 1 Barbara 61 . .
EXECUTION PHASE data ex1; infile 'C:rthurxample1.txt' ; input name $ 1 - 7 height 9 - 10 weight 12 - 14 ; BMI = 700 *weight/(height*height); output ; run ; PDV 1 st Iteration: B a r b a r a 6 1 1 2 D ,[object Object],Ex1: Input buffer Barbara 61 12D John 62 175 Example1.txt 12345678901234567890 1 . . 61 Barbara BMI Weight Height Name _N_ D _ERROR_ D Name K Height K Weight K BMI K 1 1 Barbara 61 . .
EXECUTION PHASE data ex1; infile 'C:rthurxample1.txt' ; input name $ 1 - 7 height 9 - 10 weight 12 - 14 ; BMI = 700 *weight/(height*height); output ; run ; PDV 1. The SAS system returns to the beginning of the DATA step Ex1: Input buffer Barbara 61 12D John 62 175 Example1.txt 12345678901234567890 1 . . 61 Barbara BMI Weight Height Name _N_ D _ERROR_ D Name K Height K Weight K BMI K 1 1 Barbara 61 . .
EXECUTION PHASE data ex1; infile 'C:rthurxample1.txt' ; input name $ 1 - 7 height 9 - 10 weight 12 - 14 ; BMI = 700 *weight/(height*height); output ; run ; PDV 2. The values of the variables in the PDV are reset to missing _N_ ↑ 2 _ERROR_  0 Ex1: Input buffer Barbara 61 12D John 62 175 Example1.txt 12345678901234567890 1 . . 61 Barbara BMI Weight Height Name _N_ D _ERROR_ D Name K Height K Weight K BMI K 2 0 . . .
EXECUTION PHASE data ex1; infile 'C:rthurxample1.txt' ; input name $ 1 - 7 height 9 - 10 weight 12 - 14 ; BMI = 700 *weight/(height*height); output ; run ; PDV 2 nd Iteration: J o h n 6 2 1 7 5 ,[object Object],[object Object],Ex1: Input buffer Barbara 61 12D John 62 175 Example1.txt 12345678901234567890 1 . . 61 Barbara BMI Weight Height Name _N_ D _ERROR_ D Name K Height K Weight K BMI K 2 0 . . .
EXECUTION PHASE data ex1; infile 'C:rthurxample1.txt' ; input name $ 1 - 7 height 9 - 10 weight 12 - 14 ; BMI = 700 *weight/(height*height); output ; run ; PDV 2 nd Iteration: J o h n 6 2 1 7 5 ,[object Object],Ex1: Input buffer Barbara 61 12D John 62 175 Example1.txt 12345678901234567890 _N_ D _ERROR_ D Name K Height K Weight K BMI K 2 0 . 62 John 175 1 . . 61 Barbara BMI Weight Height Name
EXECUTION PHASE data ex1; infile 'C:rthurxample1.txt' ; input name $ 1 - 7 height 9 - 10 weight 12 - 14 ; BMI = 700 *weight/(height*height); output ; run ; PDV 2 nd Iteration: J o h n 6 2 1 7 5 ,[object Object],Ex1: Input buffer Barbara 61 12D John 62 175 Example1.txt 12345678901234567890 _N_ D _ERROR_ D Name K Height K Weight K BMI K 2 0 31.8678 62 John 175 1 . . 61 Barbara BMI Weight Height Name
EXECUTION PHASE data ex1; infile 'C:rthurxample1.txt' ; input name $ 1 - 7 height 9 - 10 weight 12 - 14 ; BMI = 700 *weight/(height*height); output ; run ; PDV 2 nd Iteration: J o h n 6 2 1 7 5 ,[object Object],Ex1: Input buffer Barbara 61 12D John 62 175 Example1.txt 12345678901234567890 _N_ D _ERROR_ D Name K Height K Weight K BMI K 2 0 31.8678 62 John 175 2 1 31.8678 175 62 John . . 61 Barbara BMI Weight Height Name
EXECUTION PHASE data ex1; infile 'C:rthurxample1.txt' ; input name $ 1 - 7 height 9 - 10 weight 12 - 14 ; BMI = 700 *weight/(height*height); output ; run ; PDV 2 nd Iteration: J o h n 6 2 1 7 5 ,[object Object],Ex1: Input buffer Barbara 61 12D John 62 175 Example1.txt 12345678901234567890 _N_ D _ERROR_ D Name K Height K Weight K BMI K 2 0 31.8678 62 John 175 2 1 31.8678 175 62 John . . 61 Barbara BMI Weight Height Name
EXECUTION PHASE data ex1; infile 'C:rthurxample1.txt' ; input name $ 1 - 7 height 9 - 10 weight 12 - 14 ; BMI = 700 *weight/(height*height); output ; run ; PDV Ex1: 1. The SAS system returns to the beginning of the DATA step Input buffer Barbara 61 12D John 62 175 Example1.txt 12345678901234567890 _N_ D _ERROR_ D Name K Height K Weight K BMI K 2 0 31.8678 62 John 175 2 1 31.8678 175 62 John . . 61 Barbara BMI Weight Height Name
EXECUTION PHASE data ex1; infile 'C:rthurxample1.txt' ; input name $ 1 - 7 height 9 - 10 weight 12 - 14 ; BMI = 700 *weight/(height*height); output ; run ; PDV Ex1: 2. The values of the variables in the PDV are reset to missing _N_ ↑ 3 Input buffer Barbara 61 12D John 62 175 Example1.txt 12345678901234567890 2 1 31.8678 175 62 John . . 61 Barbara BMI Weight Height Name _N_ D _ERROR_ D Name K Height K Weight K BMI K 3 0 . . .
EXECUTION PHASE data ex1; infile 'C:rthurxample1.txt' ; input name $ 1 - 7 height 9 - 10 weight 12 - 14 ; BMI = 700 *weight/(height*height); output ; run ; proc print data =ex1; run ; ,[object Object],[object Object]
THE OUTPUT STATEMENT data ex1; set example1; BMI = 700 *weight/(height*height); run ; ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],output ;
THE OUTPUT STATEMENT data ex1; set example1; BMI = 700 *weight/(height*height); run ; ,[object Object],[object Object]
THE OUTPUT STATEMENT ,[object Object],[object Object]
THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN READING A RAW DATASET AND READING A SAS DATASET data ex1; infile 'C:rthurxample1.txt' ; input name $ 1 - 7 height 9 - 10 weight 12 - 14 ; BMI = 700 *weight/(height*height); output ; run ; SAS dataset ,[object Object],Input buffer PDV _N_ D _ERROR_ D Name K Height K Weight K BMI K Barbara 61 12D John 62 175 Raw data 2 1 31.8678 175 62 John . . 61 Barbara BMI Weight Height Name
THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN READING A RAW DATASET AND READING A SAS DATASET data ex1; set example1; BMI = 700 *weight/(height*height); output ; run ; SAS dataset ,[object Object],SAS dataset Input dataset: Example1 (after “set”) Output dataset: Ex1 (after “data”) PDV _N_ D _ERROR_ D Name K Height K Weight K BMI K 2 1 175 62 John . 61 Barbara Weight Height Name 2 1 31.8678 175 62 John . . 61 Barbara BMI Weight Height Name
THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN READING A RAW DATASET AND READING A SAS DATASET ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN READING A RAW DATASET AND READING A SAS DATASET data ex1; set example1; BMI = 700 *weight/(height*height); output ; run ; PDV ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Example1: 2 1 175 62 John 170 61 Barbara Weight Height Name _N_ D _ERROR_ D Name K Height K Weight K BMI K 1 0 . . .
THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN READING A RAW DATASET AND READING A SAS DATASET data ex1; set example1; BMI = 700 *weight/(height*height); output ; run ; PDV ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Example1: 2 1 175 62 John 170 61 Barbara Weight Height Name _N_ D _ERROR_ D Name K Height K Weight K BMI K 1 0 . Barbara 170 61
THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN READING A RAW DATASET AND READING A SAS DATASET data ex1; set example1; BMI = 700 *weight/(height*height); output ; run ; PDV ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Example1: 2 1 175 62 John 170 61 Barbara Weight Height Name _N_ D _ERROR_ D Name K Height K Weight K BMI K 1 0 Barbara 31.9807 170 61
THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN READING A RAW DATASET AND READING A SAS DATASET data ex1; set example1; BMI = 700 *weight/(height*height); output ; run ; PDV ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Example1: Ex1: 2 1 175 62 John 170 61 Barbara Weight Height Name 170 Weight 1 31.9807 61 Barbara BMI Height Name _N_ D _ERROR_ D Name K Height K Weight K BMI K 1 0 Barbara 31.9807 170 61
THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN READING A RAW DATASET AND READING A SAS DATASET data ex1; set example1; BMI = 700 *weight/(height*height); output ; run ; PDV 2 nd Iteration: ,[object Object],Example1: Ex1: Variables exist in the input dataset ,[object Object],[object Object],2 1 175 62 John 170 61 Barbara Weight Height Name 170 Weight 1 31.9807 61 Barbara BMI Height Name _N_ D _ERROR_ D Name K Height K Weight K BMI K 2 0 Barbara . 170 61
THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN READING A RAW DATASET AND READING A SAS DATASET data ex1; set example1; BMI = 700 *weight/(height*height); output ; run ; PDV 2 nd Iteration: ,[object Object],Example1: Ex1: Variables being created in the DATA step ,[object Object],2 1 175 62 John 170 61 Barbara Weight Height Name 170 Weight 1 31.9807 61 Barbara BMI Height Name _N_ D _ERROR_ D Name K Height K Weight K BMI K 2 0 Barbara . 170 61
THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN READING A RAW DATASET AND READING A SAS DATASET data ex1; set example1; BMI = 700 *weight/(height*height); output ; run ; PDV ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Example1: Ex1: 2 1 175 62 John 170 61 Barbara Weight Height Name 170 Weight 1 31.9807 61 Barbara BMI Height Name _N_ D _ERROR_ D Name K Height K Weight K BMI K 2 0 John . 175 62
THE RETAIN STATEMENT Consider the following dataset: ,[object Object],4 A03 3 . A02 2 3 A01 1 SCORE ID 7 3 3 TOTAL
THE RETAIN STATEMENT Consider the following dataset: ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Problem : TOTAL is a new variable that you want to create  TOTAL will be set to missing in the PDV at the beginning of every iteration of the execution. 4 A03 3 . A02 2 3 A01 1 SCORE ID 7 3 3 TOTAL
THE RETAIN STATEMENT ,[object Object],RETAIN VARIABLE <VALUE>; ,[object Object]
THE RETAIN STATEMENT ,[object Object],RETAIN VARIABLE <VALUE>; Name of the variable that we will want to retain ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
THE RETAIN STATEMENT data ex2_2; set ex2; retain total 0 ; total = sum(total, score); run ; PDV ,[object Object],_N_ D _ERROR_ D ID K Total K 4 A03 3 . A02 2 3 A01 1 SCORE ID Score K
THE RETAIN STATEMENT data ex2_2; set ex2; retain total 0 ; total = sum(total, score); run ; PDV ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],1 st Iteration: 4 A03 3 . A02 2 3 A01 1 SCORE ID _N_ D _ERROR_ D ID K Total K Score K 1 0 . 0
THE RETAIN STATEMENT data ex2_2; set ex2; retain total 0 ; total = sum(total, score); run ; PDV ,[object Object],1 st Iteration: 4 A03 3 . A02 2 3 A01 1 SCORE ID _N_ D _ERROR_ D ID K Total K Score K 1 0 3 0 A01
THE RETAIN STATEMENT data ex2_2; set ex2; retain total 0 ; total = sum(total, score); run ; PDV ,[object Object],[object Object],1 st Iteration: 4 A03 3 . A02 2 3 A01 1 SCORE ID _N_ D _ERROR_ D ID K Total K Score K 1 0 3 0 A01
THE RETAIN STATEMENT data ex2_2; set ex2; retain total 0 ; total = sum(total, score); run ; PDV ,[object Object],1 st Iteration: 4 A03 3 . A02 2 3 A01 1 SCORE ID _N_ D _ERROR_ D ID K Total K Score K 1 0 3 3 A01
THE RETAIN STATEMENT data ex2_2; set ex2; retain total 0 ; total = sum(total, score); run ; PDV ,[object Object],1 st Iteration: Ex2_2: 4 A03 3 . A02 2 3 A01 1 SCORE ID 3 SCORE 3 TOTAL A01 1 ID _N_ D _ERROR_ D ID K Total K Score K 1 0 3 3 A01
THE RETAIN STATEMENT data ex2_2; set ex2; retain total 0 ; total = sum(total, score); run ; PDV ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],2 nd Iteration: Ex2_2: 4 A03 3 . A02 2 3 A01 1 SCORE ID 3 SCORE 3 TOTAL A01 1 ID _N_ D _ERROR_ D ID K Total K Score K 2 0 3 3 A01
THE RETAIN STATEMENT data ex2_2; set ex2; retain total 0 ; total = sum(total, score); run ; PDV ,[object Object],2 nd Iteration: Ex2_2: 4 A03 3 . A02 2 3 A01 1 SCORE ID 3 SCORE 3 TOTAL A01 1 ID _N_ D _ERROR_ D ID K Total K Score K 2 0 . 3 A02
THE RETAIN STATEMENT data ex2_2; set ex2; retain total 0 ; total = sum(total, score); run ; PDV ,[object Object],2 nd Iteration: Ex2_2: 4 A03 3 . A02 2 3 A01 1 SCORE ID 3 SCORE 3 TOTAL A01 1 ID _N_ D _ERROR_ D ID K Total K Score K 2 0 . 3 A02
THE RETAIN STATEMENT data ex2_2; set ex2; retain total 0 ; total = sum(total, score); run ; PDV 2 nd Iteration: Ex2_2: ,[object Object],[object Object],4 A03 3 . A02 2 3 A01 1 SCORE ID . 3 SCORE 3 3 TOTAL A02 2 A01 1 ID _N_ D _ERROR_ D ID K Total K Score K 2 0 . 3 A02
THE RETAIN STATEMENT data ex2_2; set ex2; retain total 0 ; total = sum(total, score); run ; PDV 3 rd Iteration: Ex2_2: ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],4 A03 3 . A02 2 3 A01 1 SCORE ID . 3 SCORE 3 3 TOTAL A02 2 A01 1 ID _N_ D _ERROR_ D ID K Total K Score K 3 0 . 3 A02
THE RETAIN STATEMENT data ex2_2; set ex2; retain total 0 ; total = sum(total, score); run ; PDV 3 rd Iteration: Ex2_2: ,[object Object],4 A03 3 . A02 2 3 A01 1 SCORE ID . 3 SCORE 3 3 TOTAL A02 2 A01 1 ID _N_ D _ERROR_ D ID K Total K Score K 3 0 4 3 A03
THE RETAIN STATEMENT data ex2_2; set ex2; retain total 0 ; total = sum(total, score); run ; PDV 3 rd Iteration: Ex2_2: ,[object Object],4 A03 3 . A02 2 3 A01 1 SCORE ID . 3 SCORE 3 3 TOTAL A02 2 A01 1 ID _N_ D _ERROR_ D ID K Total K Score K 3 0 4 7 A03
THE RETAIN STATEMENT data ex2_2; set ex2; retain total 0 ; total = sum(total, score); run ; PDV 3 rd Iteration: Ex2_2: ,[object Object],[object Object],4 A03 3 . A02 2 3 A01 1 SCORE ID 4 . 3 SCORE 7 3 3 TOTAL A03 3 A02 2 A01 1 ID _N_ D _ERROR_ D ID K Total K Score K 3 0 4 7 A03
THE SUM STATEMENT ,[object Object],VARIABLE + EXPRESSION; ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
THE SUM STATEMENT data ex2_2; set ex2; run ; retain total 0 ; total = sum(total, score); The previous program can be re-written as…
THE SUM STATEMENT data ex2_2; set ex2; run ; The previous program can be re-written as… total + score;
THE SUBSETTING IF STATEMENT ,[object Object],IF EXPRESSION ; ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
THE SUBSETTING IF STATEMENT ,[object Object],IF EXPRESSION ; ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
THE BY-GROUP PROCESSING IN THE DATA STEP One observation per subject Multiple observations per subject -- Longitudinal data ,[object Object],[object Object],4 A03 3 . A02 2 3 A01 1 SCORE ID 2 A02 5 4 A02 4 2 A01 3 4 A01 2 3 A01 1 SCORE ID
THE BY-GROUP PROCESSING IN THE DATA STEP ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],SAS reads the 1 st observation for ID = A01 SAS reads the last observation for ID = A01 2 A02 5 4 A02 4 2 A01 3 4 A01 2 3 A01 1 SCORE ID 0 1 0 0 1 FIRST.ID 1 0 1 0 0 LAST.ID
THE BY-GROUP PROCESSING IN THE DATA STEP ,[object Object],proc sort data =ex3; by id; run ; data ex3_1 (drop=score); set ex3; by id; if first.id = 1 then total = 0 ; total + score; if last.id = 1 ; run ; 2 A02 5 4 A02 4 2 A01 3 4 A01 2 3 A01 1 SCORE ID 6 A02 2 9 A01 1 TOTAL ID
THE BY-GROUP PROCESSING IN THE DATA STEP data ex3_1 (drop=score); set ex3; by id; if first.id = 1 then total = 0 ; total + score; if last.id = 1 ; run ; PDV 1 st iteration: ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],2 A02 5 4 A02 4 2 A01 3 4 A01 2 3 A01 1 SCORE ID _N_ D _ERROR_ D ID K Total K Score D FIRST.ID D LAST.ID D 1 0 1 1 . 0
THE BY-GROUP PROCESSING IN THE DATA STEP data ex3_1 (drop=score); set ex3; by id; if first.id = 1 then total = 0 ; total + score; if last.id = 1 ; run ; PDV ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],1 st iteration: 2 A02 5 4 A02 4 2 A01 3 4 A01 2 3 A01 1 SCORE ID _N_ D _ERROR_ D ID K Total K Score D FIRST.ID D LAST.ID D 1 0 1 0 A01 3 0
THE BY-GROUP PROCESSING IN THE DATA STEP data ex3_1 (drop=score); set ex3; by id; if first.id = 1 then total = 0 ; total + score; if last.id = 1 ; run ; PDV ,[object Object],1 st iteration: 2 A02 5 4 A02 4 2 A01 3 4 A01 2 3 A01 1 SCORE ID _N_ D _ERROR_ D ID K Total K Score D FIRST.ID D LAST.ID D 1 0 1 0 A01 3 0
THE BY-GROUP PROCESSING IN THE DATA STEP data ex3_1 (drop=score); set ex3; by id; if first.id = 1 then total = 0 ; total + score; if last.id = 1 ; run ; PDV ,[object Object],1 st iteration: 2 A02 5 4 A02 4 2 A01 3 4 A01 2 3 A01 1 SCORE ID _N_ D _ERROR_ D ID K Total K Score D FIRST.ID D LAST.ID D 1 0 1 0 A01 3 3
THE BY-GROUP PROCESSING IN THE DATA STEP data ex3_1 (drop=score); set ex3; by id; if first.id = 1 then total = 0 ; total + score; if last.id = 1 ; run ; PDV ,[object Object],[object Object],1 st iteration: 2 A02 5 4 A02 4 2 A01 3 4 A01 2 3 A01 1 SCORE ID _N_ D _ERROR_ D ID K Total K Score D FIRST.ID D LAST.ID D 1 0 1 0 A01 3 3
THE BY-GROUP PROCESSING IN THE DATA STEP data ex3_1 (drop=score); set ex3; by id; if first.id = 1 then total = 0 ; total + score; if last.id = 1 ; run ; PDV ,[object Object],[object Object],2 nd iteration: 2 A02 5 4 A02 4 2 A01 3 4 A01 2 3 A01 1 SCORE ID _N_ D _ERROR_ D ID K Total K Score D FIRST.ID D LAST.ID D 2 0 1 0 A01 3 3
THE BY-GROUP PROCESSING IN THE DATA STEP data ex3_1 (drop=score); set ex3; by id; if first.id = 1 then total = 0 ; total + score; if last.id = 1 ; run ; PDV ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],2 nd iteration: 2 A02 5 4 A02 4 2 A01 3 4 A01 2 3 A01 1 SCORE ID _N_ D _ERROR_ D ID K Total K Score D FIRST.ID D LAST.ID D 2 0 0 0 A01 4 3
THE BY-GROUP PROCESSING IN THE DATA STEP data ex3_1 (drop=score); set ex3; by id; if first.id = 1 then total = 0 ; total + score; if last.id = 1 ; run ; PDV ,[object Object],2 nd iteration: 2 A02 5 4 A02 4 2 A01 3 4 A01 2 3 A01 1 SCORE ID _N_ D _ERROR_ D ID K Total K Score D FIRST.ID D LAST.ID D 2 0 0 0 A01 4 3
THE BY-GROUP PROCESSING IN THE DATA STEP data ex3_1 (drop=score); set ex3; by id; if first.id = 1 then total = 0 ; total + score; if last.id = 1 ; run ; PDV ,[object Object],2 nd iteration: 2 A02 5 4 A02 4 2 A01 3 4 A01 2 3 A01 1 SCORE ID _N_ D _ERROR_ D ID K Total K Score D FIRST.ID D LAST.ID D 2 0 0 0 A01 4 7
THE BY-GROUP PROCESSING IN THE DATA STEP data ex3_1 (drop=score); set ex3; by id; if first.id = 1 then total = 0 ; total + score; if last.id = 1 ; run ; PDV ,[object Object],[object Object],2 nd iteration: 2 A02 5 4 A02 4 2 A01 3 4 A01 2 3 A01 1 SCORE ID _N_ D _ERROR_ D ID K Total K Score D FIRST.ID D LAST.ID D 2 0 0 0 A01 4 7
THE BY-GROUP PROCESSING IN THE DATA STEP data ex3_1 (drop=score); set ex3; by id; if first.id = 1 then total = 0 ; total + score; if last.id = 1 ; run ; PDV ,[object Object],[object Object],3 rd iteration: 2 A02 5 4 A02 4 2 A01 3 4 A01 2 3 A01 1 SCORE ID _N_ D _ERROR_ D ID K Total K Score D FIRST.ID D LAST.ID D 3 0 0 0 A01 4 7
THE BY-GROUP PROCESSING IN THE DATA STEP data ex3_1 (drop=score); set ex3; by id; if first.id = 1 then total = 0 ; total + score; if last.id = 1 ; run ; PDV ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],3 rd iteration: 2 A02 5 4 A02 4 2 A01 3 4 A01 2 3 A01 1 SCORE ID _N_ D _ERROR_ D ID K Total K Score D FIRST.ID D LAST.ID D 3 0 0 1 A01 2 7
THE BY-GROUP PROCESSING IN THE DATA STEP data ex3_1 (drop=score); set ex3; by id; if first.id = 1 then total = 0 ; total + score; if last.id = 1 ; run ; PDV ,[object Object],3 rd iteration: 2 A02 5 4 A02 4 2 A01 3 4 A01 2 3 A01 1 SCORE ID _N_ D _ERROR_ D ID K Total K Score D FIRST.ID D LAST.ID D 3 0 0 1 A01 2 7
THE BY-GROUP PROCESSING IN THE DATA STEP data ex3_1 (drop=score); set ex3; by id; if first.id = 1 then total = 0 ; total + score; if last.id = 1 ; run ; PDV ,[object Object],3 rd iteration: 2 A02 5 4 A02 4 2 A01 3 4 A01 2 3 A01 1 SCORE ID _N_ D _ERROR_ D ID K Total K Score D FIRST.ID D LAST.ID D 3 0 0 1 A01 2 9
THE BY-GROUP PROCESSING IN THE DATA STEP data ex3_1 (drop=score); set ex3; by id; if first.id = 1 then total = 0 ; total + score; if last.id = 1 ; run ; PDV ,[object Object],3 rd iteration: 2 A02 5 4 A02 4 2 A01 3 4 A01 2 3 A01 1 SCORE ID _N_ D _ERROR_ D ID K Total K Score D FIRST.ID D LAST.ID D 3 0 0 1 A01 2 9
THE BY-GROUP PROCESSING IN THE DATA STEP data ex3_1 (drop=score); set ex3; by id; if first.id = 1 then total = 0 ; total + score; if last.id = 1 ; run ; PDV ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Ex3_1: 3 rd iteration: 2 A02 5 4 A02 4 2 A01 3 4 A01 2 3 A01 1 SCORE ID 9 A01 1 TOTAL ID _N_ D _ERROR_ D ID K Total K Score D FIRST.ID D LAST.ID D 3 0 0 1 A01 2 9
THE BY-GROUP PROCESSING IN THE DATA STEP data ex3_1 (drop=score); set ex3; by id; if first.id = 1 then total = 0 ; total + score; if last.id = 1 ; run ; PDV ,[object Object],[object Object],Ex3_1: 4 th iteration: 2 A02 5 4 A02 4 2 A01 3 4 A01 2 3 A01 1 SCORE ID 9 A01 1 TOTAL ID _N_ D _ERROR_ D ID K Total K Score D FIRST.ID D LAST.ID D 4 0 0 1 A01 2 9
THE BY-GROUP PROCESSING IN THE DATA STEP data ex3_1 (drop=score); set ex3; by id; if first.id = 1 then total = 0 ; total + score; if last.id = 1 ; run ; PDV ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Ex3_1: 4 th iteration: 2 A02 5 4 A02 4 2 A01 3 4 A01 2 3 A01 1 SCORE ID 9 A01 1 TOTAL ID _N_ D _ERROR_ D ID K Total K Score D FIRST.ID D LAST.ID D 4 0 1 0 A02 4 9
THE BY-GROUP PROCESSING IN THE DATA STEP data ex3_1 (drop=score); set ex3; by id; if first.id = 1 then total = 0 ; total + score; if last.id = 1 ; run ; PDV ,[object Object],Ex3_1: 4 th iteration: 2 A02 5 4 A02 4 2 A01 3 4 A01 2 3 A01 1 SCORE ID 9 A01 1 TOTAL ID _N_ D _ERROR_ D ID K Total K Score D FIRST.ID D LAST.ID D 4 0 1 0 A02 4 0
THE BY-GROUP PROCESSING IN THE DATA STEP data ex3_1 (drop=score); set ex3; by id; if first.id = 1 then total = 0 ; total + score; if last.id = 1 ; run ; PDV ,[object Object],Ex3_1: 4 th iteration: 2 A02 5 4 A02 4 2 A01 3 4 A01 2 3 A01 1 SCORE ID 9 A01 1 TOTAL ID _N_ D _ERROR_ D ID K Total K Score D FIRST.ID D LAST.ID D 4 0 1 0 A02 4 4
THE BY-GROUP PROCESSING IN THE DATA STEP data ex3_1 (drop=score); set ex3; by id; if first.id = 1 then total = 0 ; total + score; if last.id = 1 ; run ; PDV Ex3_1: ,[object Object],[object Object],4 th iteration: 2 A02 5 4 A02 4 2 A01 3 4 A01 2 3 A01 1 SCORE ID 9 A01 1 TOTAL ID _N_ D _ERROR_ D ID K Total K Score D FIRST.ID D LAST.ID D 4 0 1 0 A02 4 4
THE BY-GROUP PROCESSING IN THE DATA STEP data ex3_1 (drop=score); set ex3; by id; if first.id = 1 then total = 0 ; total + score; if last.id = 1 ; run ; PDV ,[object Object],[object Object],Ex3_1: 5 th iteration: 2 A02 5 4 A02 4 2 A01 3 4 A01 2 3 A01 1 SCORE ID 9 A01 1 TOTAL ID _N_ D _ERROR_ D ID K Total K Score D FIRST.ID D LAST.ID D 5 0 1 0 A02 4 4
THE BY-GROUP PROCESSING IN THE DATA STEP data ex3_1 (drop=score); set ex3; by id; if first.id = 1 then total = 0 ; total + score; if last.id = 1 ; run ; PDV ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Ex3_1: 5 th iteration: 2 A02 5 4 A02 4 2 A01 3 4 A01 2 3 A01 1 SCORE ID 9 A01 1 TOTAL ID _N_ D _ERROR_ D ID K Total K Score D FIRST.ID D LAST.ID D 5 0 0 1 A02 2 4
THE BY-GROUP PROCESSING IN THE DATA STEP data ex3_1 (drop=score); set ex3; by id; if first.id = 1 then total = 0 ; total + score; if last.id = 1 ; run ; PDV ,[object Object],Ex3_1: 5 th iteration: 2 A02 5 4 A02 4 2 A01 3 4 A01 2 3 A01 1 SCORE ID 9 A01 1 TOTAL ID _N_ D _ERROR_ D ID K Total K Score D FIRST.ID D LAST.ID D 5 0 0 1 A02 2 4
THE BY-GROUP PROCESSING IN THE DATA STEP data ex3_1 (drop=score); set ex3; by id; if first.id = 1 then total = 0 ; total + score; if last.id = 1 ; run ; PDV ,[object Object],Ex3_1: 5 th iteration: 2 A02 5 4 A02 4 2 A01 3 4 A01 2 3 A01 1 SCORE ID 9 A01 1 TOTAL ID _N_ D _ERROR_ D ID K Total K Score D FIRST.ID D LAST.ID D 5 0 0 1 A02 2 6
THE BY-GROUP PROCESSING IN THE DATA STEP data ex3_1 (drop=score); set ex3; by id; if first.id = 1 then total = 0 ; total + score; if last.id = 1 ; run ; PDV ,[object Object],Ex3_1: 5 th iteration: 2 A02 5 4 A02 4 2 A01 3 4 A01 2 3 A01 1 SCORE ID 9 A01 1 TOTAL ID _N_ D _ERROR_ D ID K Total K Score D FIRST.ID D LAST.ID D 5 0 0 1 A02 2 6
THE BY-GROUP PROCESSING IN THE DATA STEP data ex3_1 (drop=score); set ex3; by id; if first.id = 1 then total = 0 ; total + score; if last.id = 1 ; run ; PDV Ex3_1: ,[object Object],[object Object],5 th iteration: 2 A02 5 4 A02 4 2 A01 3 4 A01 2 3 A01 1 SCORE ID 6 A02 2 9 A01 1 TOTAL ID _N_ D _ERROR_ D ID K Total K Score D FIRST.ID D LAST.ID D 5 0 0 1 A02 2 6
RESTRUCTURING DATASETS ,[object Object],data with one observation per subject (the wide format) data with multiple observations per subject (the long format) 4 3 S1 . 4 S2 2 A02 2 5 A01 1 S3 ID 3 1 3 2 1 TIME 2 A02 5 4 A02 4 5 A01 3 4 A01 2 3 A01 1 SCORE ID
RESTRUCTURING DATASETS ,[object Object],data with one observation per subject (the wide format) data with multiple observations per subject (the long format) S1 – S3 SCORE Distinguish different measurements for each subject 4 3 S1 . 4 S2 2 A02 2 5 A01 1 S3 ID 3 1 3 2 1 TIME 2 A02 5 4 A02 4 5 A01 3 4 A01 2 3 A01 1 SCORE ID
RESTRUCTURING DATASETS ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
FROM WIDE FORMAT TO LONG FORMAT Wide: Long: ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],data long (drop=s1-s3); set wide; time = 1 ; score = s1; if not missing(score) then output ; time = 2 ; score = s2; if not missing(score) then output ; time = 3 ; score = s3; if not missing(score) then output ; run ; 4 3 S1 . 4 S2 2 A02 2 5 A01 1 S3 ID 3 1 3 2 1 TIME 2 A02 5 4 A02 4 5 A01 3 4 A01 2 3 A01 1 SCORE ID
FROM WIDE FORMAT TO LONG FORMAT Wide: data long (drop=s1-s3); set wide; time = 1 ; score = s1; if not missing(score) then output ; time = 2 ; score = s2; if not missing(score) then output ; time = 3 ; score = s3; if not missing(score) then output ; run ; 1 st iteration: ,[object Object],[object Object],4 3 S1 . 4 S2 2 A02 2 5 A01 1 S3 ID K ID . D S1 . D S2 . D S3 . K TIME . K SCORE 1 K _N_
FROM WIDE FORMAT TO LONG FORMAT Wide: data long (drop=s1-s3); set wide; time = 1 ; score = s1; if not missing(score) then output ; time = 2 ; score = s2; if not missing(score) then output ; time = 3 ; score = s3; if not missing(score) then output ; run ; 1 st iteration: ,[object Object],4 3 S1 . 4 S2 2 A02 2 5 A01 1 S3 ID A01 K ID 3 D S1 4 D S2 5 D S3 . K TIME . K SCORE 1 K _N_
FROM WIDE FORMAT TO LONG FORMAT Wide: data long (drop=s1-s3); set wide; time = 1 ; score = s1; if not missing(score) then output ; time = 2 ; score = s2; if not missing(score) then output ; time = 3 ; score = s3; if not missing(score) then output ; run ; 1 st iteration: ,[object Object],4 3 S1 . 4 S2 2 A02 2 5 A01 1 S3 ID A01 K ID 3 D S1 4 D S2 5 D S3 1 K TIME . K SCORE 1 K _N_
FROM WIDE FORMAT TO LONG FORMAT Wide: data long (drop=s1-s3); set wide; time = 1 ; score = s1; if not missing(score) then output ; time = 2 ; score = s2; if not missing(score) then output ; time = 3 ; score = s3; if not missing(score) then output ; run ; 1 st iteration: ,[object Object],4 3 S1 . 4 S2 2 A02 2 5 A01 1 S3 ID A01 K ID 3 D S1 4 D S2 5 D S3 1 K TIME 3 K SCORE 1 K _N_
FROM WIDE FORMAT TO LONG FORMAT Wide: data long (drop=s1-s3); set wide; time = 1 ; score = s1; if not missing(score) then output ; time = 2 ; score = s2; if not missing(score) then output ; time = 3 ; score = s3; if not missing(score) then output ; run ; 1 st iteration: ,[object Object],Long: 4 3 S1 . 4 S2 2 A02 2 5 A01 1 S3 ID A01 K ID 3 D S1 4 D S2 5 D S3 1 K TIME 3 K SCORE 1 K _N_ 1 TIME 3 A01 1 SCORE ID
FROM WIDE FORMAT TO LONG FORMAT Wide: data long (drop=s1-s3); set wide; time = 1 ; score = s1; if not missing(score) then output ; time = 2 ; score = s2; if not missing(score) then output ; time = 3 ; score = s3; if not missing(score) then output ; run ; 1 st iteration: ,[object Object],Long: 4 3 S1 . 4 S2 2 A02 2 5 A01 1 S3 ID A01 K ID 3 D S1 4 D S2 5 D S3 2 K TIME 3 K SCORE 1 K _N_ 1 TIME 3 A01 1 SCORE ID
FROM WIDE FORMAT TO LONG FORMAT Wide: data long (drop=s1-s3); set wide; time = 1 ; score = s1; if not missing(score) then output ; time = 2 ; score = s2; if not missing(score) then output ; time = 3 ; score = s3; if not missing(score) then output ; run ; 1 st iteration: ,[object Object],Long: 4 3 S1 . 4 S2 2 A02 2 5 A01 1 S3 ID A01 K ID 3 D S1 4 D S2 5 D S3 2 K TIME 4 K SCORE 1 K _N_ 1 TIME 3 A01 1 SCORE ID
FROM WIDE FORMAT TO LONG FORMAT Wide: data long (drop=s1-s3); set wide; time = 1 ; score = s1; if not missing(score) then output ; time = 2 ; score = s2; if not missing(score) then output ; time = 3 ; score = s3; if not missing(score) then output ; run ; 1 st iteration: ,[object Object],Long: 4 3 S1 . 4 S2 2 A02 2 5 A01 1 S3 ID A01 K ID 3 D S1 4 D S2 5 D S3 2 K TIME 4 K SCORE 1 K _N_ 2 1 TIME 4 A01 2 3 A01 1 SCORE ID
FROM WIDE FORMAT TO LONG FORMAT Wide: data long (drop=s1-s3); set wide; time = 1 ; score = s1; if not missing(score) then output ; time = 2 ; score = s2; if not missing(score) then output ; time = 3 ; score = s3; if not missing(score) then output ; run ; 1 st iteration: ,[object Object],Long: 4 3 S1 . 4 S2 2 A02 2 5 A01 1 S3 ID A01 K ID 3 D S1 4 D S2 5 D S3 3 K TIME 4 K SCORE 1 K _N_ 2 1 TIME 4 A01 2 3 A01 1 SCORE ID
FROM WIDE FORMAT TO LONG FORMAT Wide: data long (drop=s1-s3); set wide; time = 1 ; score = s1; if not missing(score) then output ; time = 2 ; score = s2; if not missing(score) then output ; time = 3 ; score = s3; if not missing(score) then output ; run ; 1 st iteration: ,[object Object],Long: 4 3 S1 . 4 S2 2 A02 2 5 A01 1 S3 ID A01 K ID 3 D S1 4 D S2 5 D S3 3 K TIME 5 K SCORE 1 K _N_ 2 1 TIME 4 A01 2 3 A01 1 SCORE ID
FROM WIDE FORMAT TO LONG FORMAT Wide: data long (drop=s1-s3); set wide; time = 1 ; score = s1; if not missing(score) then output ; time = 2 ; score = s2; if not missing(score) then output ; time = 3 ; score = s3; if not missing(score) then output ; run ; 1 st iteration: ,[object Object],Long: 4 3 S1 . 4 S2 2 A02 2 5 A01 1 S3 ID A01 K ID 3 D S1 4 D S2 5 D S3 3 K TIME 5 K SCORE 1 K _N_ 3 2 1 TIME 5 A01 3 4 A01 2 3 A01 1 SCORE ID
FROM WIDE FORMAT TO LONG FORMAT Wide: data long (drop=s1-s3); set wide; time = 1 ; score = s1; if not missing(score) then output ; time = 2 ; score = s2; if not missing(score) then output ; time = 3 ; score = s3; if not missing(score) then output ; run ; 1 st iteration: ,[object Object],[object Object],Long: 4 3 S1 . 4 S2 2 A02 2 5 A01 1 S3 ID A01 K ID 3 D S1 4 D S2 5 D S3 3 K TIME 5 K SCORE 1 K _N_ 3 2 1 TIME 5 A01 3 4 A01 2 3 A01 1 SCORE ID
FROM WIDE FORMAT TO LONG FORMAT Wide: data long (drop=s1-s3); set wide; time = 1 ; score = s1; if not missing(score) then output ; time = 2 ; score = s2; if not missing(score) then output ; time = 3 ; score = s3; if not missing(score) then output ; run ; 2 nd iteration: ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Long: 4 3 S1 . 4 S2 2 A02 2 5 A01 1 S3 ID A01 K ID 3 D S1 4 D S2 5 D S3 . K TIME . K SCORE 2 K _N_ 3 2 1 TIME 5 A01 3 4 A01 2 3 A01 1 SCORE ID
FROM WIDE FORMAT TO LONG FORMAT Wide: data long (drop=s1-s3); set wide; time = 1 ; score = s1; if not missing(score) then output ; time = 2 ; score = s2; if not missing(score) then output ; time = 3 ; score = s3; if not missing(score) then output ; run ; 2 nd iteration: ,[object Object],Long: 4 3 S1 . 4 S2 2 A02 2 5 A01 1 S3 ID A01 K ID 4 D S1 . D S2 2 D S3 . K TIME . K SCORE 2 K _N_ 3 2 1 TIME 5 A01 3 4 A01 2 3 A01 1 SCORE ID
FROM WIDE FORMAT TO LONG FORMAT Wide: data long (drop=s1-s3); set wide; time = 1 ; score = s1; if not missing(score) then output ; time = 2 ; score = s2; if not missing(score) then output ; time = 3 ; score = s3; if not missing(score) then output ; run ; 2 nd iteration: ,[object Object],Long: 4 3 S1 . 4 S2 2 A02 2 5 A01 1 S3 ID A01 K ID 4 D S1 . D S2 2 D S3 1 K TIME . K SCORE 2 K _N_ 3 2 1 TIME 5 A01 3 4 A01 2 3 A01 1 SCORE ID
FROM WIDE FORMAT TO LONG FORMAT Wide: data long (drop=s1-s3); set wide; time = 1 ; score = s1; if not missing(score) then output ; time = 2 ; score = s2; if not missing(score) then output ; time = 3 ; score = s3; if not missing(score) then output ; run ; 2 nd iteration: ,[object Object],Long: 4 3 S1 . 4 S2 2 A02 2 5 A01 1 S3 ID A01 K ID 4 D S1 . D S2 2 D S3 1 K TIME 4 K SCORE 2 K _N_ 3 2 1 TIME 5 A01 3 4 A01 2 3 A01 1 SCORE ID
FROM WIDE FORMAT TO LONG FORMAT Wide: data long (drop=s1-s3); set wide; time = 1 ; score = s1; if not missing(score) then output ; time = 2 ; score = s2; if not missing(score) then output ; time = 3 ; score = s3; if not missing(score) then output ; run ; 2 nd iteration: ,[object Object],Long: 4 3 S1 . 4 S2 2 A02 2 5 A01 1 S3 ID A01 K ID 4 D S1 . D S2 2 D S3 1 K TIME 4 K SCORE 2 K _N_ 1 3 2 1 TIME 4 A02 4 5 A01 3 4 A01 2 3 A01 1 SCORE ID
FROM WIDE FORMAT TO LONG FORMAT Wide: data long (drop=s1-s3); set wide; time = 1 ; score = s1; if not missing(score) then output ; time = 2 ; score = s2; if not missing(score) then output ; time = 3 ; score = s3; if not missing(score) then output ; run ; 2 nd iteration: ,[object Object],Long: 4 3 S1 . 4 S2 2 A02 2 5 A01 1 S3 ID A01 K ID 4 D S1 . D S2 2 D S3 2 K TIME 4 K SCORE 2 K _N_ 1 3 2 1 TIME 4 A02 4 5 A01 3 4 A01 2 3 A01 1 SCORE ID
FROM WIDE FORMAT TO LONG FORMAT Wide: data long (drop=s1-s3); set wide; time = 1 ; score = s1; if not missing(score) then output ; time = 2 ; score = s2; if not missing(score) then output ; time = 3 ; score = s3; if not missing(score) then output ; run ; 2 nd iteration: ,[object Object],Long: 4 3 S1 . 4 S2 2 A02 2 5 A01 1 S3 ID A01 K ID 4 D S1 . D S2 2 D S3 2 K TIME . K SCORE 2 K _N_ 1 3 2 1 TIME 4 A02 4 5 A01 3 4 A01 2 3 A01 1 SCORE ID
FROM WIDE FORMAT TO LONG FORMAT Wide: data long (drop=s1-s3); set wide; time = 1 ; score = s1; if not missing(score) then output ; time = 2 ; score = s2; if not missing(score) then output ; time = 3 ; score = s3; if not missing(score) then output ; run ; 2 nd iteration: ,[object Object],Long: 4 3 S1 . 4 S2 2 A02 2 5 A01 1 S3 ID A01 K ID 4 D S1 . D S2 2 D S3 2 K TIME . K SCORE 2 K _N_ 1 3 2 1 TIME 4 A02 4 5 A01 3 4 A01 2 3 A01 1 SCORE ID
FROM WIDE FORMAT TO LONG FORMAT Wide: data long (drop=s1-s3); set wide; time = 1 ; score = s1; if not missing(score) then output ; time = 2 ; score = s2; if not missing(score) then output ; time = 3 ; score = s3; if not missing(score) then output ; run ; 2 nd iteration: ,[object Object],Long: 4 3 S1 . 4 S2 2 A02 2 5 A01 1 S3 ID A01 K ID 4 D S1 . D S2 2 D S3 3 K TIME . K SCORE 2 K _N_ 1 3 2 1 TIME 4 A02 4 5 A01 3 4 A01 2 3 A01 1 SCORE ID
FROM WIDE FORMAT TO LONG FORMAT Wide: data long (drop=s1-s3); set wide; time = 1 ; score = s1; if not missing(score) then output ; time = 2 ; score = s2; if not missing(score) then output ; time = 3 ; score = s3; if not missing(score) then output ; run ; 2 nd iteration: ,[object Object],Long: 4 3 S1 . 4 S2 2 A02 2 5 A01 1 S3 ID A01 K ID 4 D S1 . D S2 2 D S3 3 K TIME 2 K SCORE 2 K _N_ 1 3 2 1 TIME 4 A02 4 5 A01 3 4 A01 2 3 A01 1 SCORE ID
FROM WIDE FORMAT TO LONG FORMAT Wide: data long (drop=s1-s3); set wide; time = 1 ; score = s1; if not missing(score) then output ; time = 2 ; score = s2; if not missing(score) then output ; time = 3 ; score = s3; if not missing(score) then output ; run ; 2 nd iteration: ,[object Object],Long: 4 3 S1 . 4 S2 2 A02 2 5 A01 1 S3 ID A01 K ID 4 D S1 . D S2 2 D S3 3 K TIME 2 K SCORE 2 K _N_ 3 1 3 2 1 TIME 2 A02 5 4 A02 4 5 A01 3 4 A01 2 3 A01 1 SCORE ID
FROM WIDE FORMAT TO LONG FORMAT Wide: data long (drop=s1-s3); set wide; time = 1 ; score = s1; if not missing(score) then output ; time = 2 ; score = s2; if not missing(score) then output ; time = 3 ; score = s3; if not missing(score) then output ; run ; 2 nd iteration: ,[object Object],[object Object],Long: 4 3 S1 . 4 S2 2 A02 2 5 A01 1 S3 ID A01 K ID 4 D S1 . D S2 2 D S3 3 K TIME 2 K SCORE 2 K _N_ 3 1 3 2 1 TIME 2 A02 5 4 A02 4 5 A01 3 4 A01 2 3 A01 1 SCORE ID
FROM LONG FORMAT TO WIDE FORMAT 4 3 S1 . 4 S2 2 A02 2 5 A01 1 S3 ID 3 1 3 2 1 TIME 2 A02 5 4 A02 4 5 A01 3 4 A01 2 3 A01 1 SCORE ID
FROM LONG FORMAT TO WIDE FORMAT ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],4 3 S1 . 4 S2 2 A02 2 5 A01 1 S3 ID 3 1 3 2 1 TIME 2 A02 5 4 A02 4 5 A01 3 4 A01 2 3 A01 1 SCORE ID
FROM LONG FORMAT TO WIDE FORMAT if time = 1 then s1 = score; else if time = 2 then s2 = score; else s3 = score; ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],RETAIN 4 3 S1 . 4 S2 2 A02 2 5 A01 1 S3 ID 3 1 3 2 1 TIME 2 A02 5 4 A02 4 5 A01 3 4 A01 2 3 A01 1 SCORE ID S3 S1 S3 S2 S1
FROM LONG FORMAT TO WIDE FORMAT proc sort data =long; by id; run ; data wide (drop=time score); set long; by id; retain s1 - s3; if time = 1 then s1 = score; else if time = 2 then s2 = score; else s3 = score; if last.id; run ; 4 3 S1 . 4 S2 2 A02 2 5 A01 1 S3 ID 3 1 3 2 1 TIME 2 A02 5 4 A02 4 5 A01 3 4 A01 2 3 A01 1 SCORE ID
FROM LONG FORMAT TO WIDE FORMAT data wide (drop=time score); set long; by id; retain s1 - s3; if time = 1 then s1 = score; else if time = 2 then s2 = score; else s3 = score; if last.id; run ; ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],3 1 3 2 1 TIME 2 A02 5 4 A02 4 5 A01 3 4 A01 2 3 A01 1 SCORE ID . . . . . 1 1 1 K S3 K S2 K S1 D SCORE D TIME K ID D LAST.ID D FIRST.ID D _N_
FROM LONG FORMAT TO WIDE FORMAT data wide (drop=time score); set long; by id; retain s1 - s3; if time = 1 then s1 = score; else if time = 2 then s2 = score; else s3 = score; if last.id; run ; ,[object Object],[object Object],3 1 3 2 1 TIME 2 A02 5 4 A02 4 5 A01 3 4 A01 2 3 A01 1 SCORE ID . . . 3 1 A01 1 1 1 K S3 K S2 K S1 D SCORE D TIME K ID D LAST.ID D FIRST.ID D _N_
FROM LONG FORMAT TO WIDE FORMAT data wide (drop=time score); set long; by id; retain s1 - s3; if time = 1 then s1 = score; else if time = 2 then s2 = score; else s3 = score; if last.id; run ; ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],3 1 3 2 1 TIME 2 A02 5 4 A02 4 5 A01 3 4 A01 2 3 A01 1 SCORE ID . . . 3 1 A01 0 1 1 K S3 K S2 K S1 D SCORE D TIME K ID D LAST.ID D FIRST.ID D _N_
FROM LONG FORMAT TO WIDE FORMAT data wide (drop=time score); set long; by id; retain s1 - s3; if time = 1 then s1 = score; else if time = 2 then s2 = score; else s3 = score; if last.id; run ; ,[object Object],[object Object],3 1 3 2 1 TIME 2 A02 5 4 A02 4 5 A01 3 4 A01 2 3 A01 1 SCORE ID . . 3 3 1 A01 0 1 1 K S3 K S2 K S1 D SCORE D TIME K ID D LAST.ID D FIRST.ID D _N_
FROM LONG FORMAT TO WIDE FORMAT data wide (drop=time score); set long; by id; retain s1 - s3; if time = 1 then s1 = score; else if time = 2 then s2 = score; else s3 = score; if last.id; run ; ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],3 1 3 2 1 TIME 2 A02 5 4 A02 4 5 A01 3 4 A01 2 3 A01 1 SCORE ID . . 3 3 1 A01 0 1 1 K S3 K S2 K S1 D SCORE D TIME K ID D LAST.ID D FIRST.ID D _N_
FROM LONG FORMAT TO WIDE FORMAT data wide (drop=time score); set long; by id; retain s1 - s3; if time = 1 then s1 = score; else if time = 2 then s2 = score; else s3 = score; if last.id; run ; ,[object Object],[object Object],3 1 3 2 1 TIME 2 A02 5 4 A02 4 5 A01 3 4 A01 2 3 A01 1 SCORE ID . . 3 3 1 A01 0 1 2 K S3 K S2 K S1 D SCORE D TIME K ID D LAST.ID D FIRST.ID D _N_
FROM LONG FORMAT TO WIDE FORMAT data wide (drop=time score); set long; by id; retain s1 - s3; if time = 1 then s1 = score; else if time = 2 then s2 = score; else s3 = score; if last.id; run ; ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],3 1 3 2 1 TIME 2 A02 5 4 A02 4 5 A01 3 4 A01 2 3 A01 1 SCORE ID . . 3 3 1 A01 0 1 2 K S3 K S2 K S1 D SCORE D TIME K ID D LAST.ID D FIRST.ID D _N_
FROM LONG FORMAT TO WIDE FORMAT data wide (drop=time score); set long; by id; retain s1 - s3; if time = 1 then s1 = score; else if time = 2 then s2 = score; else s3 = score; if last.id; run ; ,[object Object],[object Object],3 1 3 2 1 TIME 2 A02 5 4 A02 4 5 A01 3 4 A01 2 3 A01 1 SCORE ID . . 3 4 2 A01 0 1 2 K S3 K S2 K S1 D SCORE D TIME K ID D LAST.ID D FIRST.ID D _N_
FROM LONG FORMAT TO WIDE FORMAT data wide (drop=time score); set long; by id; retain s1 - s3; if time = 1 then s1 = score; else if time = 2 then s2 = score; else s3 = score; if last.id; run ; ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],3 1 3 2 1 TIME 2 A02 5 4 A02 4 5 A01 3 4 A01 2 3 A01 1 SCORE ID . . 3 4 2 A01 0 0 2 K S3 K S2 K S1 D SCORE D TIME K ID D LAST.ID D FIRST.ID D _N_
FROM LONG FORMAT TO WIDE FORMAT data wide (drop=time score); set long; by id; retain s1 - s3; if time = 1 then s1 = score; else if time = 2 then s2 = score; else s3 = score; if last.id; run ; ,[object Object],[object Object],3 1 3 2 1 TIME 2 A02 5 4 A02 4 5 A01 3 4 A01 2 3 A01 1 SCORE ID . 4 3 4 2 A01 0 0 2 K S3 K S2 K S1 D SCORE D TIME K ID D LAST.ID D FIRST.ID D _N_
FROM LONG FORMAT TO WIDE FORMAT data wide (drop=time score); set long; by id; retain s1 - s3; if time = 1 then s1 = score; else if time = 2 then s2 = score; else s3 = score; if last.id; run ; ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],3 1 3 2 1 TIME 2 A02 5 4 A02 4 5 A01 3 4 A01 2 3 A01 1 SCORE ID . 4 3 4 2 A01 0 0 2 K S3 K S2 K S1 D SCORE D TIME K ID D LAST.ID D FIRST.ID D _N_
FROM LONG FORMAT TO WIDE FORMAT data wide (drop=time score); set long; by id; retain s1 - s3; if time = 1 then s1 = score; else if time = 2 then s2 = score; else s3 = score; if last.id; run ; ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],3 1 3 2 1 TIME 2 A02 5 4 A02 4 5 A01 3 4 A01 2 3 A01 1 SCORE ID . 4 3 4 2 A01 0 0 3 K S3 K S2 K S1 D SCORE D TIME K ID D LAST.ID D FIRST.ID D _N_
FROM LONG FORMAT TO WIDE FORMAT data wide (drop=time score); set long; by id; retain s1 - s3; if time = 1 then s1 = score; else if time = 2 then s2 = score; else s3 = score; if last.id; run ; ,[object Object],[object Object],3 1 3 2 1 TIME 2 A02 5 4 A02 4 5 A01 3 4 A01 2 3 A01 1 SCORE ID . 4 3 5 3 A01 0 0 3 K S3 K S2 K S1 D SCORE D TIME K ID D LAST.ID D FIRST.ID D _N_
FROM LONG FORMAT TO WIDE FORMAT data wide (drop=time score); set long; by id; retain s1 - s3; if time = 1 then s1 = score; else if time = 2 then s2 = score; else s3 = score; if last.id; run ; ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],3 1 3 2 1 TIME 2 A02 5 4 A02 4 5 A01 3 4 A01 2 3 A01 1 SCORE ID . 4 3 5 3 A01 1 0 3 K S3 K S2 K S1 D SCORE D TIME K ID D LAST.ID D FIRST.ID D _N_
FROM LONG FORMAT TO WIDE FORMAT data wide (drop=time score); set long; by id; retain s1 - s3; if time = 1 then s1 = score; else if time = 2 then s2 = score; else s3 = score; if last.id; run ; ,[object Object],[object Object],3 1 3 2 1 TIME 2 A02 5 4 A02 4 5 A01 3 4 A01 2 3 A01 1 SCORE ID 5 4 3 5 3 A01 1 0 3 K S3 K S2 K S1 D SCORE D TIME K ID D LAST.ID D FIRST.ID D _N_
FROM LONG FORMAT TO WIDE FORMAT data wide (drop=time score); set long; by id; retain s1 - s3; if time = 1 then s1 = score; else if time = 2 then s2 = score; else s3 = score; if last.id; run ; ,[object Object],[object Object],3 1 3 2 1 TIME 2 A02 5 4 A02 4 5 A01 3 4 A01 2 3 A01 1 SCORE ID 5 4 3 5 3 A01 1 0 3 K S3 K S2 K S1 D SCORE D TIME K ID D LAST.ID D FIRST.ID D _N_ 3 S1 4 S2 5 A01 1 S3 ID
FROM LONG FORMAT TO WIDE FORMAT data wide (drop=time score); set long; by id; retain s1 - s3; if time = 1 then s1 = score; else if time = 2 then s2 = score; else s3 = score; if last.id; run ; ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],3 1 3 2 1 TIME 2 A02 5 4 A02 4 5 A01 3 4 A01 2 3 A01 1 SCORE ID 5 4 3 5 3 A01 1 0 3 K S3 K S2 K S1 D SCORE D TIME K ID D LAST.ID D FIRST.ID D _N_ 3 S1 4 S2 5 A01 1 S3 ID
FROM LONG FORMAT TO WIDE FORMAT data wide (drop=time score); set long; by id; retain s1 - s3; if time = 1 then s1 = score; else if time = 2 then s2 = score; else s3 = score; if last.id; run ; ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],3 1 3 2 1 TIME 2 A02 5 4 A02 4 5 A01 3 4 A01 2 3 A01 1 SCORE ID 5 4 3 5 3 A01 1 0 4 K S3 K S2 K S1 D SCORE D TIME K ID D LAST.ID D FIRST.ID D _N_ 3 S1 4 S2 5 A01 1 S3 ID
FROM LONG FORMAT TO WIDE FORMAT data wide (drop=time score); set long; by id; retain s1 - s3; if time = 1 then s1 = score; else if time = 2 then s2 = score; else s3 = score; if last.id; run ; ,[object Object],[object Object],3 1 3 2 1 TIME 2 A02 5 4 A02 4 5 A01 3 4 A01 2 3 A01 1 SCORE ID 5 4 3 4 1 A02 1 0 4 K S3 K S2 K S1 D SCORE D TIME K ID D LAST.ID D FIRST.ID D _N_ 3 S1 4 S2 5 A01 1 S3 ID
FROM LONG FORMAT TO WIDE FORMAT data wide (drop=time score); set long; by id; retain s1 - s3; if time = 1 then s1 = score; else if time = 2 then s2 = score; else s3 = score; if last.id; run ; ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],3 1 3 2 1 TIME 2 A02 5 4 A02 4 5 A01 3 4 A01 2 3 A01 1 SCORE ID 5 4 3 4 1 A02 0 1 4 K S3 K S2 K S1 D SCORE D TIME K ID D LAST.ID D FIRST.ID D _N_ 3 S1 4 S2 5 A01 1 S3 ID
FROM LONG FORMAT TO WIDE FORMAT data wide (drop=time score); set long; by id; retain s1 - s3; if time = 1 then s1 = score; else if time = 2 then s2 = score; else s3 = score; if last.id; run ; ,[object Object],[object Object],3 1 3 2 1 TIME 2 A02 5 4 A02 4 5 A01 3 4 A01 2 3 A01 1 SCORE ID 5 4 4 4 1 A02 0 1 4 K S3 K S2 K S1 D SCORE D TIME K ID D LAST.ID D FIRST.ID D _N_ 3 S1 4 S2 5 A01 1 S3 ID
FROM LONG FORMAT TO WIDE FORMAT data wide (drop=time score); set long; by id; retain s1 - s3; if time = 1 then s1 = score; else if time = 2 then s2 = score; else s3 = score; if last.id; run ; ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],3 1 3 2 1 TIME 2 A02 5 4 A02 4 5 A01 3 4 A01 2 3 A01 1 SCORE ID 5 4 4 4 1 A02 0 1 4 K S3 K S2 K S1 D SCORE D TIME K ID D LAST.ID D FIRST.ID D _N_ 3 S1 4 S2 5 A01 1 S3 ID
FROM LONG FORMAT TO WIDE FORMAT data wide (drop=time score); set long; by id; retain s1 - s3; if time = 1 then s1 = score; else if time = 2 then s2 = score; else s3 = score; if last.id; run ; ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],3 1 3 2 1 TIME 2 A02 5 4 A02 4 5 A01 3 4 A01 2 3 A01 1 SCORE ID 5 4 4 4 1 A02 0 1 5 K S3 K S2 K S1 D SCORE D TIME K ID D LAST.ID D FIRST.ID D _N_ 3 S1 4 S2 5 A01 1 S3 ID
FROM LONG FORMAT TO WIDE FORMAT data wide (drop=time score); set long; by id; retain s1 - s3; if time = 1 then s1 = score; else if time = 2 then s2 = score; else s3 = score; if last.id; run ; ,[object Object],[object Object],3 1 3 2 1 TIME 2 A02 5 4 A02 4 5 A01 3 4 A01 2 3 A01 1 SCORE ID 5 4 4 2 3 A02 0 1 5 K S3 K S2 K S1 D SCORE D TIME K ID D LAST.ID D FIRST.ID D _N_ 3 S1 4 S2 5 A01 1 S3 ID
FROM LONG FORMAT TO WIDE FORMAT data wide (drop=time score); set long; by id; retain s1 - s3; if time = 1 then s1 = score; else if time = 2 then s2 = score; else s3 = score; if last.id; run ; ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],3 1 3 2 1 TIME 2 A02 5 4 A02 4 5 A01 3 4 A01 2 3 A01 1 SCORE ID 5 4 4 2 3 A02 1 0 5 K S3 K S2 K S1 D SCORE D TIME K ID D LAST.ID D FIRST.ID D _N_ 3 S1 4 S2 5 A01 1 S3 ID
FROM LONG FORMAT TO WIDE FORMAT data wide (drop=time score); set long; by id; retain s1 - s3; if time = 1 then s1 = score; else if time = 2 then s2 = score; else s3 = score; if last.id; run ; ,[object Object],[object Object],3 1 3 2 1 TIME 2 A02 5 4 A02 4 5 A01 3 4 A01 2 3 A01 1 SCORE ID 2 4 4 2 3 A02 1 0 5 K S3 K S2 K S1 D SCORE D TIME K ID D LAST.ID D FIRST.ID D _N_ 3 S1 4 S2 5 A01 1 S3 ID
FROM LONG FORMAT TO WIDE FORMAT data wide (drop=time score); set long; by id; retain s1 - s3; if time = 1 then s1 = score; else if time = 2 then s2 = score; else s3 = score; if last.id; run ; ,[object Object],[object Object],3 1 3 2 1 TIME 2 A02 5 4 A02 4 5 A01 3 4 A01 2 3 A01 1 SCORE ID 2 4 4 2 3 A02 1 0 5 K S3 K S2 K S1 D SCORE D TIME K ID D LAST.ID D FIRST.ID D _N_ 3 S1 4 S2 5 A01 1 S3 ID
FROM LONG FORMAT TO WIDE FORMAT data wide (drop=time score); set long; by id; retain s1 - s3; if time = 1 then s1 = score; else if time = 2 then s2 = score; else s3 = score; if last.id; run ; ,[object Object],[object Object],How to fix this? 3 1 3 2 1 TIME 2 A02 5 4 A02 4 5 A01 3 4 A01 2 3 A01 1 SCORE ID 2 4 4 2 3 A02 1 0 5 K S3 K S2 K S1 D SCORE D TIME K ID D LAST.ID D FIRST.ID D _N_ 2 4 4 A02 2 3 S1 4 S2 5 A01 1 S3 ID
FROM LONG FORMAT TO WIDE FORMAT data wide (drop=time score); set long; by id; retain s1 - s3; if first.id then do ; s1 = . ; s2 = . ; s3 = . ; end ; if time = 1 then s1 = score; else if time = 2 then s2 = score; else s3 = score; if last.id; run ;
FROM LONG FORMAT TO WIDE FORMAT data wide (drop=time score); set long; by id; retain s1 - s3; if first.id then do ; s1 = . ; s2 = . ; s3 = . ; end ; if time = 1 then s1 = score; else if time = 2 then s2 = score; else s3 = score; if last.id; run ; ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],3 1 3 2 1 TIME 2 A02 5 4 A02 4 5 A01 3 4 A01 2 3 A01 1 SCORE ID 5 4 3 5 3 A01 1 0 4 K S3 K S2 K S1 D SCORE D TIME K ID D LAST.ID D FIRST.ID D _N_ 3 S1 4 S2 5 A01 1 S3 ID
FROM LONG FORMAT TO WIDE FORMAT data wide (drop=time score); set long; by id; retain s1 - s3; if first.id then do ; s1 = . ; s2 = . ; s3 = . ; end ; if time = 1 then s1 = score; else if time = 2 then s2 = score; else s3 = score; if last.id; run ; ,[object Object],[object Object],3 1 3 2 1 TIME 2 A02 5 4 A02 4 5 A01 3 4 A01 2 3 A01 1 SCORE ID 5 4 3 4 1 A02 1 0 4 K S3 K S2 K S1 D SCORE D TIME K ID D LAST.ID D FIRST.ID D _N_ 3 S1 4 S2 5 A01 1 S3 ID
FROM LONG FORMAT TO WIDE FORMAT data wide (drop=time score); set long; by id; retain s1 - s3; if first.id then do ; s1 = . ; s2 = . ; s3 = . ; end ; if time = 1 then s1 = score; else if time = 2 then s2 = score; else s3 = score; if last.id; run ; ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],3 1 3 2 1 TIME 2 A02 5 4 A02 4 5 A01 3 4 A01 2 3 A01 1 SCORE ID 5 4 3 4 1 A02 0 1 4 K S3 K S2 K S1 D SCORE D TIME K ID D LAST.ID D FIRST.ID D _N_ 3 S1 4 S2 5 A01 1 S3 ID
FROM LONG FORMAT TO WIDE FORMAT data wide (drop=time score); set long; by id; retain s1 - s3; if first.id then do ; s1 = . ; s2 = . ; s3 = . ; end ; if time = 1 then s1 = score; else if time = 2 then s2 = score; else s3 = score; if last.id; run ; ,[object Object],[object Object],3 1 3 2 1 TIME 2 A02 5 4 A02 4 5 A01 3 4 A01 2 3 A01 1 SCORE ID . . . 4 1 A02 0 1 4 K S3 K S2 K S1 D SCORE D TIME K ID D LAST.ID D FIRST.ID D _N_ 3 S1 4 S2 5 A01 1 S3 ID
FROM LONG FORMAT TO WIDE FORMAT data wide (drop=time score); set long; by id; retain s1 - s3; if first.id then do ; s1 = . ; s2 = . ; s3 = . ; end ; if time = 1 then s1 = score; else if time = 2 then s2 = score; else s3 = score; if last.id; run ; ,[object Object],[object Object],3 1 3 2 1 TIME 2 A02 5 4 A02 4 5 A01 3 4 A01 2 3 A01 1 SCORE ID . . 4 4 1 A02 0 1 4 K S3 K S2 K S1 D SCORE D TIME K ID D LAST.ID D FIRST.ID D _N_ 3 S1 4 S2 5 A01 1 S3 ID
FROM LONG FORMAT TO WIDE FORMAT data wide (drop=time score); set long; by id; retain s1 - s3; if first.id then do ; s1 = . ; s2 = . ; s3 = . ; end ; if time = 1 then s1 = score; else if time = 2 then s2 = score; else s3 = score; if last.id; run ; ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],3 1 3 2 1 TIME 2 A02 5 4 A02 4 5 A01 3 4 A01 2 3 A01 1 SCORE ID . . 4 4 1 A02 0 1 4 K S3 K S2 K S1 D SCORE D TIME K ID D LAST.ID D FIRST.ID D _N_ 3 S1 4 S2 5 A01 1 S3 ID
FROM LONG FORMAT TO WIDE FORMAT data wide (drop=time score); set long; by id; retain s1 - s3; if first.id then do ; s1 = . ; s2 = . ; s3 = . ; end ; if time = 1 then s1 = score; else if time = 2 then s2 = score; else s3 = score; if last.id; run ; ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],3 1 3 2 1 TIME 2 A02 5 4 A02 4 5 A01 3 4 A01 2 3 A01 1 SCORE ID . . 4 4 1 A02 0 1 5 K S3 K S2 K S1 D SCORE D TIME K ID D LAST.ID D FIRST.ID D _N_ 3 S1 4 S2 5 A01 1 S3 ID
FROM LONG FORMAT TO WIDE FORMAT data wide (drop=time score); set long; by id; retain s1 - s3; if first.id then do ; s1 = . ; s2 = . ; s3 = . ; end ; if time = 1 then s1 = score; else if time = 2 then s2 = score; else s3 = score; if last.id; run ; ,[object Object],[object Object],3 1 3 2 1 TIME 2 A02 5 4 A02 4 5 A01 3 4 A01 2 3 A01 1 SCORE ID . . 4 2 3 A02 0 1 5 K S3 K S2 K S1 D SCORE D TIME K ID D LAST.ID D FIRST.ID D _N_ 3 S1 4 S2 5 A01 1 S3 ID
FROM LONG FORMAT TO WIDE FORMAT data wide (drop=time score); set long; by id; retain s1 - s3; if first.id then do ; s1 = . ; s2 = . ; s3 = . ; end ; if time = 1 then s1 = score; else if time = 2 then s2 = score; else s3 = score; if last.id; run ; ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],3 1 3 2 1 TIME 2 A02 5 4 A02 4 5 A01 3 4 A01 2 3 A01 1 SCORE ID . . 4 2 3 A02 1 0 5 K S3 K S2 K S1 D SCORE D TIME K ID D LAST.ID D FIRST.ID D _N_ 3 S1 4 S2 5 A01 1 S3 ID
FROM LONG FORMAT TO WIDE FORMAT data wide (drop=time score); set long; by id; retain s1 - s3; if first.id then do ; s1 = . ; s2 = . ; s3 = . ; end ; if time = 1 then s1 = score; else if time = 2 then s2 = score; else s3 = score; if last.id; run ; ,[object Object],[object Object],3 1 3 2 1 TIME 2 A02 5 4 A02 4 5 A01 3 4 A01 2 3 A01 1 SCORE ID . . 4 2 3 A02 1 0 5 K S3 K S2 K S1 D SCORE D TIME K ID D LAST.ID D FIRST.ID D _N_ 3 S1 4 S2 5 A01 1 S3 ID
FROM LONG FORMAT TO WIDE FORMAT data wide (drop=time score); set long; by id; retain s1 - s3; if first.id then do ; s1 = . ; s2 = . ; s3 = . ; end ; if time = 1 then s1 = score; else if time = 2 then s2 = score; else s3 = score; if last.id; run ; ,[object Object],[object Object],3 1 3 2 1 TIME 2 A02 5 4 A02 4 5 A01 3 4 A01 2 3 A01 1 SCORE ID 2 . 4 2 3 A02 1 0 5 K S3 K S2 K S1 D SCORE D TIME K ID D LAST.ID D FIRST.ID D _N_ 3 S1 4 S2 5 A01 1 S3 ID
FROM LONG FORMAT TO WIDE FORMAT data wide (drop=time score); set long; by id; retain s1 - s3; if first.id then do ; s1 = . ; s2 = . ; s3 = . ; end ; if time = 1 then s1 = score; else if time = 2 then s2 = score; else s3 = score; if last.id; run ; ,[object Object],[object Object],3 1 3 2 1 TIME 2 A02 5 4 A02 4 5 A01 3 4 A01 2 3 A01 1 SCORE ID 2 . 4 2 3 A02 1 0 5 K S3 K S2 K S1 D SCORE D TIME K ID D LAST.ID D FIRST.ID D _N_ 3 S1 4 S2 5 A01 1 S3 ID
FROM LONG FORMAT TO WIDE FORMAT data wide (drop=time score); set long; by id; retain s1 - s3; if first.id then do ; s1 = . ; s2 = . ; s3 = . ; end ; if time = 1 then s1 = score; else if time = 2 then s2 = score; else s3 = score; if last.id; run ; ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],3 1 3 2 1 TIME 2 A02 5 4 A02 4 5 A01 3 4 A01 2 3 A01 1 SCORE ID 2 . 4 2 3 A02 1 0 5 K S3 K S2 K S1 D SCORE D TIME K ID D LAST.ID D FIRST.ID D _N_ 2 . 4 A02 2 3 S1 4 S2 5 A01 1 S3 ID
CONCLUSION ,[object Object],[object Object]
REFERENCES ,[object Object]
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ,[object Object]
CONTACT INFORMATION ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

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The essence of data step programming

  • 1. The Essence of DATA Step Programming Arthur Li City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center Department of Information Science
  • 2. INTRODUCTION SAS programming DATA step programming Understanding how SAS processes the data during the compilation and execution phases Fundamental: Essence:
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  • 5. DATA STEP PROCESSING OVERVIEW Compilation phase: Each statement is scanned for syntax errors. Execution phase: The DATA step reads and processes the input data. If there is no syntax error A DATA step is processed in two-phase sequences :
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  • 8. COMPILATION PHASE data ex1; infile 'C:rthurxample1.txt' ; input name $ 1 - 7 height 9 - 10 weight 12 - 14 ; BMI = 700 *weight/(height*height); output ; run ; PDV PDV is created Memory area where SAS builds its new data set, 1 observation at a time. Input buffer _N_ D _ERROR_ D
  • 9. COMPILATION PHASE data ex1; infile 'C:rthurxample1.txt' ; input name $ 1 - 7 height 9 - 10 weight 12 - 14 ; BMI = 700 *weight/(height*height); output ; run ; PDV PDV is created Automatic variables: _N_ = 1: 1 st observation is being processed _N_ = 2: 2 nd observation is being processed Input buffer _N_ D _ERROR_ D
  • 10. COMPILATION PHASE data ex1; infile 'C:rthurxample1.txt' ; input name $ 1 - 7 height 9 - 10 weight 12 - 14 ; BMI = 700 *weight/(height*height); output ; run ; PDV PDV is created Automatic variables: _ERROR_ = 1: signals the data error of the currently-processed observation Input buffer _N_ D _ERROR_ D
  • 11. COMPILATION PHASE data ex1; infile 'C:rthurxample1.txt' ; input name $ 1 - 7 height 9 - 10 weight 12 - 14 ; BMI = 700 *weight/(height*height); output ; run ; PDV A space is added to the PDV for each variable Input buffer _N_ D _ERROR_ D Height K Name K Weight K
  • 12. COMPILATION PHASE data ex1; infile 'C:rthurxample1.txt' ; input name $ 1 - 7 height 9 - 10 weight 12 - 14 ; BMI = 700 *weight/(height*height); output ; run ; PDV BMI is added to the PDV Input buffer _N_ D _ERROR_ D Height K Name K Weight K BMI K
  • 13. COMPILATION PHASE data ex1; infile 'C:rthurxample1.txt' ; input name $ 1 - 7 height 9 - 10 weight 12 - 14 ; BMI = 700 *weight/(height*height); output ; run ; PDV D = dropped K = kept Input buffer _N_ D _ERROR_ D Height K Name K Weight K BMI K
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  • 29. EXECUTION PHASE data ex1; infile 'C:rthurxample1.txt' ; input name $ 1 - 7 height 9 - 10 weight 12 - 14 ; BMI = 700 *weight/(height*height); output ; run ; PDV 1. The SAS system returns to the beginning of the DATA step Ex1: Input buffer Barbara 61 12D John 62 175 Example1.txt 12345678901234567890 1 . . 61 Barbara BMI Weight Height Name _N_ D _ERROR_ D Name K Height K Weight K BMI K 1 1 Barbara 61 . .
  • 30. EXECUTION PHASE data ex1; infile 'C:rthurxample1.txt' ; input name $ 1 - 7 height 9 - 10 weight 12 - 14 ; BMI = 700 *weight/(height*height); output ; run ; PDV 2. The values of the variables in the PDV are reset to missing _N_ ↑ 2 _ERROR_  0 Ex1: Input buffer Barbara 61 12D John 62 175 Example1.txt 12345678901234567890 1 . . 61 Barbara BMI Weight Height Name _N_ D _ERROR_ D Name K Height K Weight K BMI K 2 0 . . .
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  • 36. EXECUTION PHASE data ex1; infile 'C:rthurxample1.txt' ; input name $ 1 - 7 height 9 - 10 weight 12 - 14 ; BMI = 700 *weight/(height*height); output ; run ; PDV Ex1: 1. The SAS system returns to the beginning of the DATA step Input buffer Barbara 61 12D John 62 175 Example1.txt 12345678901234567890 _N_ D _ERROR_ D Name K Height K Weight K BMI K 2 0 31.8678 62 John 175 2 1 31.8678 175 62 John . . 61 Barbara BMI Weight Height Name
  • 37. EXECUTION PHASE data ex1; infile 'C:rthurxample1.txt' ; input name $ 1 - 7 height 9 - 10 weight 12 - 14 ; BMI = 700 *weight/(height*height); output ; run ; PDV Ex1: 2. The values of the variables in the PDV are reset to missing _N_ ↑ 3 Input buffer Barbara 61 12D John 62 175 Example1.txt 12345678901234567890 2 1 31.8678 175 62 John . . 61 Barbara BMI Weight Height Name _N_ D _ERROR_ D Name K Height K Weight K BMI K 3 0 . . .
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  • 71. THE SUM STATEMENT data ex2_2; set ex2; run ; retain total 0 ; total = sum(total, score); The previous program can be re-written as…
  • 72. THE SUM STATEMENT data ex2_2; set ex2; run ; The previous program can be re-written as… total + score;
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  • 133. FROM LONG FORMAT TO WIDE FORMAT 4 3 S1 . 4 S2 2 A02 2 5 A01 1 S3 ID 3 1 3 2 1 TIME 2 A02 5 4 A02 4 5 A01 3 4 A01 2 3 A01 1 SCORE ID
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  • 136. FROM LONG FORMAT TO WIDE FORMAT proc sort data =long; by id; run ; data wide (drop=time score); set long; by id; retain s1 - s3; if time = 1 then s1 = score; else if time = 2 then s2 = score; else s3 = score; if last.id; run ; 4 3 S1 . 4 S2 2 A02 2 5 A01 1 S3 ID 3 1 3 2 1 TIME 2 A02 5 4 A02 4 5 A01 3 4 A01 2 3 A01 1 SCORE ID
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  • 165. FROM LONG FORMAT TO WIDE FORMAT data wide (drop=time score); set long; by id; retain s1 - s3; if first.id then do ; s1 = . ; s2 = . ; s3 = . ; end ; if time = 1 then s1 = score; else if time = 2 then s2 = score; else s3 = score; if last.id; run ;
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