cost comparative analysis of kudumbhasree units

1. ANUJ NAMBIAR (MBA)
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
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1.1 INTRODUCTION
kudumbashree was conceived as a joint programme of the
Government of Kerala and Nabard implemented through
Community Development Societies (CDSs) of Poor Women,
serving as the community wing of Local Governments.
Kudumbashree is formally registered as the "State Poverty
Eradication Mission" (SPEM), a society registered under the
Travancore Kochi Literary, Scientific and Charitable Societies
Act 1955. It has a governing body chaired by the State
Minister of LSG. There is a state mission with a field officer in
each district. This official structure supports and facilitates the
activities of the community network across the state.
Kudumbashree differs from conventional programmers’ in that
it perceives poverty not just as the deprivation of money, but
also as the deprivation of basic rights. The poor need to find a
collective voice to help claim these rights. The grassroots of
Kudumbashree are Neighborhood Groups (NHG in short) that
send representatives to the ward level Area Development
Societies (ADS). The ADS sends its representatives to the
Community Development Society (CDS), which completes the
unique three-tier structure of Kudumbashree. Today, there are
1.94 lakhs NHGs, over 17,000 ADSs and 1061 CDSs in
Kudumbashree
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It is this network that brings women to the Grama Sabhas and
helps them bring the needs of the poor to the attention of the
local governments. The Community Development Societies are
also very active in Government programmes and play
significant roles in development activities ranging from socio-
economic surveys and enterprise development to community
management and social audit. Though its efforts to engage
women in civil society in development issues and
opportunities, Kudumbashree in association with the local self
government of Kerala is charting out new meaning and
possibilities for local economic development and citizen centric
governance.
The mission of Kudumbashree is “to eradicate
absolute poverty in ten years through concerted community
action under the leadership of local governments, by
facilitating organization of the poor for combining self-help
with demand-led convergence of
available services and resources to tackle the multiple
dimensions and manifestations of poverty, holistically”.
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Structure of Kudumbashree
The Community Based Organization, Kudumbashree, conceived of
poverty as a basket of relative deprivations and vulnerabilities
and has developed an innovative methodology to identify the
poor using non-economic parameters. The poor thus identified
were organized under a well-networked Community Based
Organization (CBO). This methodology has since been
incorporated into the policy framework of the State for the
identification of the underprivileged.
The Kudumbashree community organisation is a three-tiered
structure with its apex tier anchored in the local self
governments. The three tiers are:
• Neighbourhood groups (NHGs) – Groups of 10-20
women from the same neighbourhood form the foundation
of the structure
• Area Development Society (ADS) – Federation of NHGs
within a ward of the LSG
• Community Development Society (CDS) – Registered
Society as the Federation of ADS within the LSG
Neighborhood Group (NHG)
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The lowest tier constitutes the Neighbourhood Group with 10 to
20 women members selected from economically backward
families. Meetings are convened on a weekly basis in the
houses of NHG members. In the weekly meeting all
members bring their thrift, which will be collected and
recycled, to the system by way of sanctioning loans.
In each Neighbourhood Group from among the poor women five
office-bearers are selected for undertaking various functional
activities.
1. Community Health-Education Volunteer
2. Income generation activities volunteer (IGA)
3. Infrastructure Volunteer
4. Secretary
5. President
Area Development Society (ADS)
The second tier is the Area Development Society, which is formed
at ward- level by federating all the NHGs in the ward. The
activities and the decision in the ADS are decided by the
representatives of the women elected from various NHGs. The
Area Development Society consists of:
1) General Body – Consists of all Presidents, Secretaries & three
sectoral volunteers of the federated NHGs.
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2) Governing Body – Consists of seven member governing body
elected from the general body. The seven member governing
body consists of ADS chairperson, ADS vice-chairperson and ADS
secretary.
The following are the ex-officio members of ADS general body
and governing body.
1. ICDS/Anganvadi worker
2. Saksharatha prerak
3. Two experienced ex-ADS office bearers
4. Local Junior public health nurse
Community Development Society (CDS)
At the Panchayat / Municipal level a Community Development
Society (CDS), a registered body under the Travancore-Cochin
Literacy Scientific and Charitable Societies Act, is formed by
federating all ADSs in the local bodies.
The CDS consists of
1. General Body -It consists of all ADS members and ADS
Governing Body members.
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2. Governing Body -The Governing Body consists of Chairperson,
Vice-chairperson, Vice-President, Member Secretary (Ex-officio
member).
The specific objectives are:
• Identification of the poor families through risk indices based
surveys, with the active participation of the poor and
the communities to which they belong.
• Empowering the poor women to improve the productivity
and managerial capabilities of the community by organizing
them into CBOs.
• Encouraging thrift and investment through credit by
developing CDSs to work as informal bank of the poor.
• Improving incomes of the poor through improved skills and
investment for self -employment.
• Ensuring better health and nutrition for all.
• Ensuring basic amenities like safe drinking water, sanitary
latrines improved shelter and healthy environment.
• Ensuring a minimum of 5 years of primary education for all
children, belonging to risk families.
• Enabling the poor to participate in
the decentralization process through the CDS, as it is a
subsystem of the local government, under which it works.
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Strategies
The action plan charted out for Kudumbashree is: -
 Formation of women collectives.
The poor women from families identified will be organized into
Neighborhood Groups (NHG) representing 15 to 40 families. A
five-member team elected from the NHGs will be the cutting
edge of the programmers. NHGs will be federated
democratically into Area Development Societies (ADS) at the
Panchayat/Municipality Ward level and then into Community
Development Societies (CDS) at the Panchayat/Municipal level.
Their organizational structures will provide opportunities for
collective public action.
 More information/training.
Weekly meetings of HGs, sharing of experiences, discussions,
organized/unorganized trainings etc., will broaden their outlook
on better health, better education, better social and economic
status.
 Skill up gradation training.
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To facilitate economic development, suitable skill up gradation
trainings will be given to women.
 Thrift - credit operations and 24 hour banking system.
Enabling women to realize their latent potential, strengthening
them through self-help are the main objectives of
Kudumbashree.
Small savings generated at the families are pooled at various
levels as thrift and used to attract credit from banks, which will
operate as 24-hour bank for the poor, acting as a sub-system
of the formal banks.
 Better living conditions - Infrastructural facilities.
The needs identified at NHG level are shaped as micro plans
which are integrated into mini plans at ADS level and action
plan at CDS level. This will be the anti-poverty sub plan of the
local body and this will facilitate convergent delivery of
Government programmes meant for the poor. Rather than the
traditional system of heavily subsidized approach,
Kudumbashree promote self-help approach for building houses,
latrines, access to drinking water, sanitary facilities etc.,
availing the minimum support from Government. Common
infrastructural facilities in the community strengthen them
further.
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 Micro-enterprises for sustainable economic development
Providing skill upgradation trainings, self-employment
opportunities and infrastructural development through wage
employment schemes are the preparing grounds for further
development of successful micro enterprises. Kudumbashree is
bent on giving necessary resource support and facilitate
forward/backward linkages etc., to promote micro-
entrepreneurship among poor women.
 Power to the people especially the poor women.
The skill for identification of needs, fixing priorities,
availing resources, bridging gap between needs
and resources in a cost effective manner etc., are taught to the
poor women groups in various phases. In the decentralization
of power to the local bodies and common man, Kudumbashree
can act as a healthy sub-system facilitating participation
of poor women in the planning, implementation and monitoring
of the programme.
 Leadership - decision making power.
Interaction in women collectives will help them to have a better
understanding, which will lead to the emergence of leadership.
This will help to ensure efficient women leadership to elected
governments in future.
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 The ultimate goal.
Reaching out family through women, and community through
family, is the ultimate target of Kudumbashree.
Milestones
In contrast with the previous poverty eradication programmes
there are no specific financial and physical targets set for
Kudumbashree. Kudumbashree practices a process approach and
not a project approach. Milestones of the Mission, at a glance, are
as follows:-.
 The largest women movement in Asia with a membership of 36
lakhs representing equal number of families.
 36 lakh poor families brought under the community based
organisations (CBO)s consisting of 1.87 lakh Neighbourhood
Groups (NHG), 17,000 Area Development Societies (ADSs) and
1,058 Community Development Societies (CDSs)- rural &
urban.
 Mobilized a sum of Rs. 1,105 crores as thrift and disbursed
loans amounting to Rs.2,818 crores to the members of
Neighbourhood Groups.
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 1,14,761 NHGs graded under Linkage Banking Programme, out
of which 96,330 NHGs linked with banks and an amount of
Rs.645 crores mobilised as credit.
 25,050 individual enterprises and 1,757 group (with minimum
10 members) enterprises of women developed in urban areas.
 1,430 individual enterprises and 4,578 group (with minimum
10 members) enterprises of poor women formed in rural areas.
 2,55,270 families participated in lease land farming and 63,560
acres (257.2 km2) of land brought under cultivation.
 376 group enterprises and 319 individual enterprises started
under the Special Employment Programme (Yuvashree).
 Ashraya-Destitute identification and Rehabilitation Project
implemented in 745 Local Self Governments and 58,389
destitutes identified.
 44,586 houses constructed under the Bhavanashree housing
loan scheme (without subsidy) for the poor in rural areas.
 235 enterprneur groups (Thelima) formed for the municipal
solid waste management in urban areas.
 ‘Buds’-10 special schools for physically and mentally challenged
children set up under the leadership of the Local Self
Government.
 45,262 Balasabhas (Children’s) Neighbourhood Groups) with
7.9 lakh children formed in urban and rural areas.
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1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
To analysis the cost of different Kudumabashree units of
different wards and to examine which unit is more cost
effective.
1.3 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
• To analysis the cost and benefit of the kudumabasree units
of different areas under study.
• To identify the most profitable kudumabasree unit.
• To study the impact of kudumabasree on women
empowerment in Kerala.
1.4 METHODOLOGY & DATA COLLECTION
The sampling Method
Non random sampling method was used for the study. For
the purpose of this study following wards were selected for
study
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• Uruvachal
• Mattanur
• Irrity
• Koothparmba
• Tellycherry
Sources of data
For the successful completion of the present study, the data
required for analysis had been collected from two sources,
namely.,
 Primary Sources
 Secondary Sources
Primary data were collected from the 20 respondents from 20
kudumabasree units of 5 different wards of kannur districts
mainly through Observation, Direct Interview and Questionnaire.
Secondary data were collected mainly from the past records,
documents, website, etc.
Tools and techniques used for analysis:
• Tables
• Charts
• Diagrams
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1.5 LIMITATIONS OF STUDY
The limitations of this study were:
 The topic selected was very vast and requires much
more time for the study. Therefore, time was a major
limiting factor.
 As they are giving information without any verification
of records, there is certain chance of incorrectness of
data.
1.6 CHAPTER SCHEME
• 1st chapter deals with introduction, statement of problem,
objectives of the study, methodology & data collection and
limitation of the study objective.
• 2nd chapter gives analysis and interpretation of primary data
collected.
• 3rd chapter deals with findings, suggestions and conclusion.
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CHAPTER - II
ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION
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Kudumbashree is one of the important women empowerment
program adopted by state to eradicate poverty and up lighting
downtrodden in the villages. Study has been conducted to see
how far this provides output in villages understudy. On the basis
of primary data study was conducted and following are the
outcome of the study.
Table 2.1.1
AGE GROUP OF RESPONDENT
Uruvachal
NAME OF THE UNITS
Age Kairali Padmalayam Anupam Lakshmi Total
group
20-30 0
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30-40     4
40-50 0
More 0
than 50
Sources: Primary data
It can be drawn that 100% of respondent age are coming under
the age group of 30-40.
Table 2.2.1
Mattanur
NAME OF THE UNITS
Age Sri tech Sri nidhi Sree Sri pooja Total
group layam
20-30   2
30-40   2
40-50 0
More 0
than 50
Sources; Primary data
It can be drawn that 50% of respondent age are coming under
the age group of 30-40 and remaining under 20-30 group.
Table 2.3.1
koothparmbha
NAME OF THE UNITS
Age Swaralaya Abhilasha Poorna Nirmal Total
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group foods
20-30  1
30-40   2
40-50  1
More 0
than 50
Sources; Primary data
It can be drawn that 25% of respondent age are coming under
the age group of 20-30, 50% under 30-40 and 25% under 40-50
age group .
Table 2.4.1
Tellycherry
NAME OF THE UNITS
Age Sree Amrutha Shakti Suja Total
group kurmba
20-30 0
30-40    3
40-50 0
More 1

than 50
Sources; Primary data
It can be drawn that 75% of respondent age are coming under
the age group of 30-40 and 25% under more than 50 age group.
Table 2.5.1
Irrity
NAME OF THE UNITS
Age Samridhi Samridhi Aasarya Suja Total
group (ulikkal)
20-30  1
30-40   2
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40-50  1
50 PLUS 0
It can be drawn that 25% of respondent age are coming under
the age group of 20-30, 50% under 30-40 and 25% under 40-50
age group.
Figure: 2.1
The chart shows that 64% of member of kudumbashree come
under the age group of 30-40. It is also found that next major
age group was 20-30. It indicates that younger generations are
also getting confidence in kudumbashree for their earnings.
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Table 2.1.2
QUALIFICATION OF THE RESPONDENT
Uruvachal
Name of the units
Qualification Kairali Padmalayam Anupam Lakshmi Total
SSLC   2
Pre Degree   2
Degree 0
Post 0
Graduate
Sources; Primary data
It can be seen from the table that 50% of respondent are SSLC
and remaining 50% are pre degree as qualification.
Table 2.2.2
Mattanur
Name of the units
Qualification Sri tech Sri nidhi Sree Sri pooja Total
layam
SSLC   2
Pre Degree   2
Degree 0
Post 0
Graduate
Sources; Primary data
It can be seen from the table that 50% of respondent are SSLC
and remaining 50% are pre degree as qualification.
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Table 2.3.2
koothparmbha
Name of the units
Qualification Swaralaya Abhilasha Poorna Nirmal Total
foods
SSLC   2
Pre Degree   2
Degree 0
Post 0
Graduate
Sources; Primary data
It can be seen from the table that 50% of respondent are SSLC
and remaining 50% are pre degree as qualification.
Table 2.4.2
Tellycherry
Name of the units
Qualification Sree Amrutha Shakti Suja Total
kurmba
SSLC   2
Pre Degree   2
Degree 0
Post-Grad. 0
Sources; Primary data
It can be seen from the table that 50% of respondent are SSLC
and remaining 50% are pre degree as qualification.
Table 2.5.2
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Irrity
Name of the units
Qualification Samridhi Samridhi Aasarya Suja Total
(ulikkal)
SSLC  1
Pre- Degree    3
Degree 0
Post 0
graduate
Sources; Primary data
It can be seen from the table that 25% of respondent are SSLC
and remaining 75% are pre degree as qualification.
Figure: 2.2
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It could be analyzed from the above chart it’s clear that highest
qualification of members of kudumbashree where pre –degree. It
is become income sources for women in village with Minimum
education qualification.
Table 2.1.3
NUMBER OF BPL AND APL MEMBERS
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Uruvachal
Name of the units
Type of Kairali Padmalayam Anupam Lakshmi Total
members
BPL 17 9 9 10 45
APL 3 9 7 3 22
Total 20 18 16 13 67
Sources; Primary data
It can be seen from the table that 67% of members belongs to
BPL and remaining 33% are APL families.
Table 2.2.3
Mattanur
Name of the units
Type of Sri tech Sri nidhi Sree Sri pooja Total
members layam
BPL 2 3 16 6 27
APL 8 7 1 10 26
Total 1o 10 17 16 53
Sources; Primary data
It can be seen from the table that 51% of members belongs to
BPL and remaining 49% are APL families.
Table 2.3.3
koothparmbha
Name of the units
Type of Swaralaya Abhilasha Poorna Nirmal Total
members foods
BPL 10 9 5 8 32
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APL 0 1 2 0 3
Total 10 10 7 8 35
Sources; Primary data
It can be seen from the table that 91% of members belongs to
BPL and remaining 9% are APL families.
Table 2.4.3
Tellycherry
Name of the units
Type of Sree Amrutha Shakti Suja Total
members kurmba
BPL 9 5 7 8 29
APL 11 0 0 2 13
Total 20 5 7 10 42
Sources; Primary data
It can be seen from the table that 69% of members belongs to
BPL and remaining 31% are APL families.
Table 2.5.3
Irrity
Name ofthe units
Type of Samridhi Samridhi Aasarya Suja Total
members (ulikkal)
BPL 10 13 10 9 42
APL 5 2 2 4 13
Total 15 15 12 13 55
Sources; Primary data
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It can be seen from the table that 76% of members belongs to
BPL and remaining 24% are APL families.
Figure: 2.2.3
THE COST AND PROFIT ANALYSIS
(Medicine Manufacturing)
For the purpose cost analysis, medicine products of the
kudumbashree units were taken. It is mainly due to fact
that it is produced by all kudumbashree units understudy.
Table 2.1.4
Uruvachal
Various cost involved in production/kg
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Raw material cost Production Total cost
cost
Rs 140 Rs20 Rs 160
Figure 2.4.1
Table 2.2.4
Uruvachal
Profit or Margin /kg
Selling price Total Profit
Production
cost
Rs 190 Rs160 Rs 30
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Figure 2.4.1.1
Table 2.3.4
Mattanur
Various cost involved in production/kg
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Raw material cost Production Total cost
cost
Rs 125 Rs 25 Rs 150
Figure 2.4.2
Table 2.4.4
Mattanur
Profit or Margin /kg
Selling price Total Profit
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Production
cost
Rs 210 Rs150 Rs 60
Figure 2.4.2.2
Table 2.5.4
Koothparambha
Various cost involved in production/kg
Raw material cost Production cost Total cost
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Rs 140 Rs 35 Rs 175
Figure 2.4.3
Table 2.6.4
Koothparambha
Profit or Margin /kg
Selling price Total Profit
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Production
cost
Rs 210 Rs175 Rs 35
Figure 2.4.3.1
Table 2.7.4
Irrity
Various cost involved in production/kg
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Raw material cost Production cost Total cost
Rs 125 Rs 35 Rs 160
Figure 2.4.4
Table 2.8.4
Irrity
Profit or Margin /kg
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Selling price Total Profit
Production
cost
Rs 200 Rs 160 Rs 40
Figure 2.4.4.1
Table 2.9.4
Tellycherry
Various cost involved in production/kg
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Raw material cost Production Total cost
cost
Rs 145 Rs 25 Rs 170
Figure 2.4.5
Table 2.10.4
Tellycherry
Profit or Margin /kg
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Selling price Total Profit
Production
cost
Rs 200 Rs 170 Rs 30
Figure 2.4.5.1
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Figure 2.5
It can be seen from the table that Mattanur and Irrity units have
low raw material cost compared to other units. It is mainly due to
Transportation costs of these units are less, compared to others.
Production cost of Uruvachal unit is less than other units due to
use of traditional cooking method such as aluwa kiln. Thus
Mattanur unit is the most cost effective unit with a lowest cost of
Rs 150.
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Figure 2.6
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It can be seen from the table that selling price of medicines
ranges from Rs 190-210.
Figure 2.7
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The table stated that medicine unit of Mattanur is the most cost
effective and profitable unit. It is mainly due to the fact that cost
of raw material and production cost were low.
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CHAPTER III
FINDINGS & SUGGESTIONS
FINDINGS
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Following are the findings of the study
• On the basis of study 64% of members of kudumbasree
come under the age group of 30-40.
• It is also found that next major age group was 20-30 it
indicates that younger generation are also getting
confidence in kudumbasree.
• From the study it’s clear that highest qualification of
members of kudumbasree where pre–degree. It become
income sources for women in village with Minimum
education qualification
• The study reveals those 67 % members are BPL.
• Mattanur unit of kudumbasree stand first in case of cost
effectiveness and also in the case of profit it stand first.
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SUGGESTIONS
• Government should provide marketing facility in order to
overcome the competition from well established company.
• Proper methods should be choked out to make it sure that
financial assistance provide by government should be
properly utilized.
• Government should take initiative to choke out strategy for
linking kudumbashree with tourism program.
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CONCLUSION
The mission of Kudumbashree is “to eradicate
absolute poverty in ten years through concerted community
action under the leadership of local governments, by facilitating
organization of the poor for combining self-help with demand-led
convergence of available services and resources to tackle the
multiple dimensions and manifestations of poverty, holistically.
It has become income sources for women in village with
Minimum education qualification and the younger generations are
also getting confidence in kudumbashree for their contribution
towards family.
From the study it was also concluded that Mattanur unit of
kudumbhashree stand first in case of cost effectiveness and also
in the case of profit it stands first.
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REFERENCES
♣ Journal of kudumbashree.
Website:
www.kudumbashree.org
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APPENDIX
COMPARATIVE COST ANALYSIS OF KUDUMBASREE UNITS
QUESTIONNAIRE
1) Name, Designation & Address of the Respondent:
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
-------------------------
Telephone if any: ----------------
2) Respondent’s age
• 20-30
• 30-40
• 40-50
• More than 50
3) Qualification of the respondent?
• SSLC
• Pre degree
• Degree
• Post graduate
3) Name of the unit you belong to : ______________
4) When was the unit set up? (Year): ___________
5) Total members in the unit now? (Nos.):________
6) How many are BPL members? (Nos.):_________
7) Nature of operations of the unit?
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Service / production
8) How much is the total investment? (Rs.)_______
9) Amount of subsidy received from government /bank?
(Rs.)_____
10) How much is the monthly sales of the whole unit? (Rs)
PRODUCT 1 RS ______
PRODUCT 2 RS ______
PRODUCT 3 RS ______
12) How the products are sold?
1=Door to door campaigns,
2=Local Market,
3=Near by towns,
4=Direct sales
5=Others _________
13) Cost involved in promotional activity? Rs______
14) Name of suppliers (Raw materials)?
Supplier1 supplier2 supplier3
Product _______ ______ ________
15) Various cost involved in production
Product 1
• Raw material cost Rs________
• Production cost Rs________
• Maintenance Rs________
• Any other________ Rs________
Product 2
• Raw material cost Rs________
• Production cost Rs________
• Maintenance Rs________
ANUJ NAMBIAR

49. ANUJ NAMBIAR (MBA)
• Any other________ Rs________
Product 3
• Raw material cost Rs________
• Production cost Rs________
• Maintenance Rs________
• Any other________ Rs________
16) Salaries, wages and other benefits?
No of employees RS
• Salaries _________ ___
• Wages _________ ___
• Benefits __________ ___
17) Transportation cost involved?
Product1Rs_____ Product2Rs_____ Product3Rs________
18) Cost of products for Sale?
Product1Rs_____ Product2Rs_____ Product3Rs________
19) Margin/ Profit in each product?
Product1Rs_____ Product2Rs_____ Product3Rs________
20) Which product do you think is more profitable?
Product1Rs_____ Product2Rs_____ Product3Rs________
ANUJ NAMBIAR

50. ANUJ NAMBIAR (MBA)
PHOTOS:
“ Nirmal Food Products”
ANUJ NAMBIAR

51. ANUJ NAMBIAR (MBA)
“Samridhi Nutrimix Unit”
“Sree Layam Shikarimelam”
ANUJ NAMBIAR

52. ANUJ NAMBIAR (MBA)
“Sri Nidhi”
ANUJ NAMBIAR