The document contains a list of words without any context or grouping. It is unclear what the intended purpose or meaning of the list is. There are no obvious connections between the words or themes that emerge from the random assortment of terms.
5. Language
a system of communication
through speech
written language - an attempt to
represent the spoken language by
visual symbols.
6. English Language
English is not a phonographic language, i.e.
spelling generally does not give a clear
indication of pronunciation
Necessary for Indian students to make a
systematic study of the English sound
system.
13. Place of articulation
Lips
Teeth
Teeth ridge
Tip of the tongue
Blade of the tongue
Front of the tongue
Back of the tongue
Hard palate
Soft palate
14. Bilabial Plosives / p, b /
The air passage in the mouth is closed by the
two lips
Soft palate is raised
The lips are separated and the air is released
with explosion
15. Alveolar Plosives / t, d /
The air passage is closed by the tip of
the tongue against the teeth ridge
Soft palate is raised
The tip of the tongue is suddenly
removed from the teeth ridge
The air escapes with explosion
16. Velar Plosives / k, g /
The air passage is closed by the
back of the tongue making a
contact with the soft palate
Tongue is suddenly removed
Air escapes with explosion
17. Affricates
Air passage is completely closed by a contact
between the tip and blade of the tongue and
the teeth ridge
The rims of the tongue making a contact with
the upper side teeth
The front of the tongue and the soft palate
also raised
The air is released slowly
18. Labio-dental Fricatives / f,v /
Lower lip very close to the edge of upper
teeth, making a light contact
Soft palate is raised
The air comes out between the lower lip
and upper teeth with friction
19. Dental Fricatives
The tip of the tongue is brought very
close to the edge of the upper teeth to
make a light touch
Soft palate is raised
The air passes between the tip and blade
of the tongue and the upper teeth
20. Alveolar Fricatives / s, z /
The tip and the blade of the tongue are
brought very near the teeth ridge
The air comes out through a narrow
groove
The soft palate is raised
21. Palato- alveolar Fricatives
The tip and blade of the tongue are brought
very near the teeth ridge
The front of the tongue is also raised towards
the hard palate
The air passes through the narrow passage
with audible friction
The soft palate is raised
22. Glottal Fricative / h /
Produced by the air coming through
a narrow glottis with audible friction
The sound can also be regarded as
a voiceless beginning of the
following vowel
It does not occur finally
23. Bilabial Nasal /m/
The mouth passage is completely closed by
the lips
The soft palate is lowered
The air comes out through the nose
24. Alveolar Nasal /n/
The tip of the tongue makes a closure
against the teeth ridge and the rims of the
tongue are against the upper side teeth
The soft palate is lowered
The air comes out through the nose
25. Velar Nasal
The back of the tongue makes a
closure with the soft palate
The soft palate is lowered and the
air escapes through the nose
26. Lateral /l/
There is a closure in the middle
Air comes out through the sides
45. Prosodic characteristics of speech
speech is more than a sequence of
sounds
suprasegmental properties:
length
stress and accent
intonation (pitch movement across
utterances and texts)
46. Length
vowel length
tense/lax (more and less effort)
sit seat
47. What is Word Stress?
Take 3 words: photograph, photographer
and photographic, for example. Do they
sound the same when spoken? No!
They sound different, because *one*
syllable in each word is "stressed"
(stronger than the others).
PHOtograph
phoTOgrapher
photoGRAPHic
48. accent = Distinctive manner of oral
expression, "he couldn't suppress
his south indian accent”
word stress, phrase stress,
sentence stress, delay green
house green house I went to the
zoo yesterday
49. Here’s an example…
A: The mice will go to the moon tomorrow to take over
the world.
B: Who?
A: The mice will go to the moon tomorrow to take over
the world.
C: Where?
A: The mice will go to the moon tomorrow to take over
the world.
D: When?
A: The mice will go to the moon tomorrow to take
over the world.
B: To do what?
A: The mice will go to the moon tomorrow to take
over the world!