1. Consciousness
and
Altered States

2. Consciousness refers to
different level of one’s thoughts and
feelings.
Includes:
*Creating images on one’s mind
*Following one’s thought processes
*Having unique emotional experiences

3. Continuum
of
Consciousness
Refers to a wide range of
experiences, from being acutely aware
and alert to being totally unaware and
unresponsive. It ranges from controlled
processes to unconsciousness.

4. Different States:
a. CONTROLLED PROCESSES
activities that require full awareness,
alertness and concentration to reach some
goal.
Example:
Using a cellular phone increase the chances of
having a collision by 25%.

5. b. Automatic Processes
Activities that require little
awareness, take minimal attention,
and do not interfere with other ongoing
activities.
Example:
Eating while reading.

6. c. Daydreaming
Often occurs during automatic
processes is an activity that
requires a low level of
awareness, and involves
fantasizing while awake.
d. Altered States
Result from any number of
procedures such as medication,
psychoactive drugs, hypnosis,
or sleep deprivation, to produce
an awareness that differs from
normal consciousness.

7. e. Sleep and Dreaming
Sleep consists of five different stages that
involve different levels of awareness, as well
as different levels of physiological arousal.
The deepest state of sleep borders on
unconsciousness.
Dreaming is a unique state of
consciousness in which we are asleep but
experience a variety of astonishing visual,
auditory, and tactile images, often connected
in strange ways and often color. People blind
from birth have only auditory and tactile
dreams.

8. f. Unconscious
according to Freud’s theory,
when we are faced with very
threatening wishes or desires,
especially if they are sexual or
aggressive, we automatically defend
our self-esteem by placing these
psychologically threatening
thoughts into mental place called
the unconscious, from which these
thoughts cannot be voluntarily
recalled.
the cognitive unconscious
consists of mental and emotional
processes that we are unaware of
but that bias and influence our
conscious feelings, thoughts and
behavior.

9. The World of Sleep
Stages of Sleep
Refer to distinctive changes in
electrical activity of the brain
and accompanying physiological
responses of the body that
occur as you pass through
different phases of sleep.

10. Alpha Stage
before entering sleep, you briefly
pass though a relaxed and drowsy state.
*Stage 1
the lightest stage of sleep, a transition
from wakefulness to sleep and lasts 1-7
minutes. In it, you gradually lose
responsiveness to stimuli and experience
drifting thoughts and images.
*Stage 2
marks the beginning of what we know asleep.

11. *Stage 3 and 4
about 30-45 minutes after drifting
into sleep, you pass through stage 3
and then enter stage 4 which is
often considered as the deepest
sleep because it is the most
difficult from which to be
awakened. During stage 4, heart
rate, respiration, temperature,
and blood flow to the brain are
reduced, and there is marked
secretion of GH (growth hormone),
which controls metabolism, physical
growth, and brain development.

12. *REM Sleep
makes up 20% of sleep time. It
stands for rapid eye movement’
because your eyes move rapidly
back and forth behind closed lids.
During REM, your body is
physiologically aroused, but all
your voluntary muscles are
paralyzed, called paradoxical
sleep. REM sleep is highly
associated with dreaming.

13. Why do we Sleep?
We usually spend one-
third day asleep. The
most obvious question is,
why do we sleep? We will
look into two theories
that try to answer this
question:

14. Repair Theory
-suggests that activities during the day
deplete key factors in our brain or body
that are replenished or repaired by sleep.
The repair theory says that sleep is
primarily a restorative process.
Adaptive Theory
-suggests that sleep evolved because it
prevented early humans and animals from
wasting energy and exposing themselves to
the dangers of nocturnal predators.

15. Two Major Effects of Sleep
Deprivation:
1.Effects on the Body
Sleep deprivation, even for 11 days, has
minimal effect’s on person’s heart rate,
blood pressure, and hormone secretions.
However, sleep deprivation does affect
our immune system, which is the body’s
defense against viruses, infections, other
toxic agents. Researchers conclude that
for most people, sleep deprivation could
mean vulnerability to some viral or
bacterial infection.

16. 2. Effects on the Nervous
System
Sleep deprivation has consistently
been shown to interfere with tasks
that require vigilance and
concentration. Sleep deprivation
causes irritability and unhappiness.
Thus, depending on its extent, sleep
deprivation can interfere with
performance and causes moodiness.

17. Dream Interpretation
Freud and Dreams
Freud’s theory of dreams says that we
have a ‘censor’ that protects us from
realizing threatening and unconscious
desires or wishes, especially those
involving sex and aggression. To protect
us from having threatening thoughts,
the ‘censor’ transform our secret,
guilt-ridden, and anxiety- provoking
desires into harmless symbols that
appear in our dreams and do not disturb
our sleep or conscious thoughts.

18. Extension of Waking
Life
Many therapist believe that
dreams are extension of waking
life. The theory that dreams
are extensions of waking life
means that our dreams reflect
the same thoughts, fears,
concerns, and emotions present
when awake.

19. Activation –Synthesis Theory
According to J. Alan Hobson and
Robert McCarley, dreaming
represents the random and
meaningless activity of nerve cells
in the brain. An area in the brain,
called the ‘pons’, sends millions of
random nerve impulses to the
cortex. In turn, the cortex tries to
make sense of the random signals by
creating feelings, imagined
movements, perceptions, changing
scenes, and meaningless images that
we define as dreams.

20. However, Hobson has somewhat
revised this theory later on. He
acknowledged that dreams may
have deep personal significance. He
now believes that images and
feelings that our cortex imposes
on millions of incoming neural
signals reflect our past memories,
bodily states, strong hopes and
fears, and our own personal view
of the world.

21. Typical Dreams have the
following Characteristics:
• they have several characters
• they involve motions such as
running and walking
• they are more likely to take
place indoors than out
• they are filled with visual
sensations but rarely include
sensations of taste, smell or pain

22. • they seem bizarre because they
disregard physical laws by flying or
falling without injury
• they may be recurrent
• they frequently involve emotions of
anxiety or fear than joy or
hapiness
• they rarely involve sexual
encounters and are almost never
about sexual intercourse
• rarely can we dream about
something we intend to
• they are usually in color in sighted
people and are auditory or tactile in
blind people

23. Chiara Angela
Clapero
Zainal Abdulah
Charmaine Elah
Matavia Lesondato

24. Thank you
for
Listening!
Have a Nice day!=)