2. CONTENTS Reproduction Types Advantages and disadvantages Asexual reproduction Vegetative Spore formation Artificial Fertilisation External Internal Sexual reproduction Sexual reproduction Mixed reproduction Reproduction in animals Reproduction in plants Embryonic development Viviparous Oviparous Ovoviparous Post-embryonic development Direct Indirect Sexual reproduction Sexual reproduction Stages Pollination Fertilisation Seed germination Life cycle Life cycle of a plant Life cycle Life cycle of a bird Asexual reproduction Gemmation Fragmentation REPRODUCTION H ands on Make a detailed drawing
3. RESOURCES Types of reproduction Advantages and disadvantages Fragmentation Gemmation Sexual reproduction in animals Mixed reproduction External fertilisation Internal fertilisation Oviparous development Viviparous development Post-embryonic development: direct The life cycle of a bird Ovoviparous development Post-embryonic development: indirect Spore formation The life cycle of plants Artificial asexual reproduction Vegetative reproduction Sexual reproduction in plants Pollination Seed germination Fertilisation Make a detailed drawing Links Animal reproduction
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8. Gemmation (budding) Asexual reproduction Fresh water hydra bud The bud separates from the parent and develops into a new individual. NEXT
13. ovum spermatozoa Sexual reproduction in animals Unisexual animals have only one type of gonad. male ( ♂ ) female( ♀ ) gonads (testicles) gonads (ovaries)
15. External fertilisation Life cycle with external fertilisation male( ♂ ) female( ♀ ) Fusion of the gametes occurs outside the female body. developing embryos ova spermatozoa
16. Internal fertilisation Life cycle with internal fertilisation male ( ♂ ) female ( ♀ ) ovum spermatozoa zygote Fusion of the gametes occurs inside the female body.
17. Viviparous development Mammals Embryonic development The embryo develops inside the female body. placenta umbilical cord uterus embryo
18. embryo Fish Birds Embryonic development Reptiles Reptile or bird egg Oviparous development The embryo develops inside an egg, mostly outside the female body. hatching shell chalaza albumin yolk germinal disc shell membrane
19. shark Embryonic development ray snake lizard The embryo develops inside an egg in the female body. embryo Ovoviparous development
20. Life cycle of a bird embryonic development After fertilisation, the embryo begins to develop inside the egg. The egg is laid in a nest. The embryo continues to develop during incubation. Hatching The male and female bird mate. The new being leaves the egg.
21. Some arthropods Oviparous birds Viviparous mammals Post-embryonic development: direct Oviparous reptiles
24. The life cycle of plants FLOWERING PLANTS NON-FLOWERING PLANTS Angiosperms Gymnosperms Mosses Ferns VISIBLE PART gametophyte VISIBLE PART sporophyte NEXT VISIBLE PART sporophyte gametophyte
25. The life cycle of plants The life cycle of mosses The life cycle of ferns capsule sporophyte gametophyte germination sporangium spores frond fertilisation ♀ ♂ male gametophyte ♂ female gametophyte ♀ prothallus sporophyte spores germination gametophyte male gametophyte female gametophyte fertilisation ♂ ♀ ♀ ♂
31. Fertilisation in plants ovule Pollen grains land and a pollen tube develops. 1 pollen grains The ovule (female gamete) is fertilised and a zygote is formed. 2 pollen tube male gamete embryo albumin seed cotyledons The ovary becomes the fruit and the ovule becomes a seed. 3 The seed germinates and an embryo develops. 4