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TCO 7021 Internetworking
Multimedia

Lecture 1
Multimedia Communications

Contact
Dr. Poo Kuan Hoong
khpoo@mmu.edu.my
FIT Building: Room BR4004
03-8312 5202

Consultation Hours:
Wednesday: 2:00 pm – 4:00 pm
Thursday: 2:00 pm – 4:00 pm

FACULTY OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY, MULTIMEDIA UNIVERSITY

Textbook and References
 Textbooks
 Fred Halsall, “Multimedia Communications”, Pearson,
2001.
 S. Thomas, “ IPng and the TCP/IP Protocols:
Implementing the Next Generation Internet”, 1996.
 D. Messerschmitt, “Understanding Networked
Applications: A First Course” , Morgan Kaufmann,
1999.
 M. Rhee, “Internet Security”, Wiley, 2003.


Course Assessment
 40% Final Examination

 40% Assignment

 20% Mid-Term Test

PLAGIARISM will not be tolerated and will be
handled with seriously in this course


Course Objectives
 To expose the principles and issues underlying
internetworking multimedia technologies as they are
today and as they are likely to evolve in the future.


TCO 7021 Internetworking Multimedia

Learning Objectives
 To understand and learn about the networking
evolution.
 To understand the network types.
 To discuss multimedia requirements in the
communication systems.
 To understand the basics of a multimedia
communication system.
 To illustrate multimedia networks.
 To know the Internet protocol suite for multimedia
communications.
1-6


Introduction
 Multimedia communications embraces a range of
applications and networking infrastructures.
 The term “multimedia” is used to indicate that the
information/data being transferred over the network
may be composed of one/more media:
 Text
 Images
 Audio
 Video
 Communications may be in the form of person-person
communications or person-to-system communications

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Introduction

1-8


Introduction
 There are a number of different types of network that
are used to provide the networking infrastructure eg.
Public switched telephone network (PSTN)
 Multimedia information is represented in various formats
 Text : characters are represented by fixed number of
binary digits (bits) known as codeword
 Digitized image : 2-dimensional block known as
picture element (pixel)
 Digitized Audio/video : converted analog signal
measured in bits per second which is normally
compressed
1-9


Multimedia Networks
 There are 5 basic types of communication networks
 Telephone networks
 Data networks

 Broadcast television networks

 Integrated services digital networks

 Broadband multiservice networks

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Telephone Networks
 PSTN have been in existence for many years and have
gone through many changes during this time.
 Initially was designed to provide basic switched
telephone service.

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Telephone Networks

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Telephone Networks

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Data Networks
 Data networks were designed to provide basic data
communication services such as electronic mail (email) and
general file transfers.
 Equipment connected to such networks are computer, PC,
workstations, or email/file server.
 2 most likely deployed networks are X.25 network and
the Internet.
 X.25 network is restricted to low bit rate data
applications and hence is unsuitable for most multimedia
applications.

1-14


Data Networks
 The Internet is made up of a vast collection of
interconnected networks which use the same set of
communication protocols.
 Communication protocol is an agreed set of rules that are
adhered to by all communicating parties for the
exchange of information.

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Broadcast Television Networks
 Broadcast TV networks were designed to support the
diffusion of analog TV (and radio) programs throughout
wide geographical areas.
 Large town/city the broadcast medium is normally a
cable distribution network
 Larger areas use satellite network or terrestrial
broadcast network

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Integrated Services Digital
Networks (ISDN)
 Deployed in the early 1980s to provide additional
services to PSTN.
 Convert the access circuits that connect user equipment to
the network into all-digital form
 Provide telephone call and data call services
 With ISDN, the access circuit is known as digital
subscriber line (DSL).
 Digitization of a telephone quality analog speech signal
produces constant bit rate binary system – bitstream of
64kbps

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Networks (ISDN)
 Broadband multiservice networks were designed to
support a wide range of multimedia communication
applications.
 The term “broadband” was used to indicate that the
circuits associated with a call could have bit rates in
excess of the maximum bit rate 2Mbps (30 X 64
kbps) provided by an ISDN.

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Networks (ISDN)
 Data networks operate in packet mode.
 A packet is a container for a block of data where
the head of the packet contains address of the
intended packet recipient.
 For multimedia applications, binary stream is
divided into fixed sized packets known as cells.
 Different multimedia applications generate
different cell streams of different rates thus
asynchronous transfer mode (ATM) networks

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Multimedia Applications
 There are many and varied applications that
involve multiple media types. In general, can be
places into 3 categories:
 Interpersonal communications
 Interactive applications over the Internet

 Entertainment applications

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Interpersonal Communications
 May involve speech, image, text, or video.
 Some cases just a single type of medium while
others two/more media types are integrated
together.
 Speech – uses the traditional PSTN
 Alternatively can use multimedia PC with software –
computer telephony integration (CTI)
 Telephone over the internet is known as voice over
IP (VoIP)
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 Image - Alternative form of interpersonal
communications over a PSTN/ISDN is by using
facsimile or fax.
 Scan and digitize image of a document and
transmit over the network.
 Text – involving electronic mail (email)
 Email server contains a mailbox for each user
connected to a network.

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 Speech and video – eg. Video telephony
 Requires higher bandwidth due to the integration of
video and audio.
 Some networks such as LANs and the Internet
support multicasting.
 Multicasting – transmission from any
PCs/workstations belonging to a predefined
multicast group are received by all the other
members of the group.

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Interactive applications over the

Internet
 Most widely used with a World Wide Web
(WWW) or web.
 The web consists of inter-linkage multimedia
information servers that are geographically
distributed around the Internet.

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Entertainment Applications
 Can be one of two parts :
 Movie/video on-demand
 Interactive TV

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Application & Networking
Terminology

1-39


Communication Modes

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Network Types
 There are 2 types of information stream associated
with the different media types – continuous and
block-mode
 There are 2 types of communication channels –
circuit mode (time-dependent) and packet mode
(time varying)
 Circuit mode is also synchronous communication
channel since it provides a constant bit rate service
 While packet mode is asynchronous communication
channel as it provides variable bit rate service
1-41


Circuit Mode

1-42


Packet Mode
 There are 2 types of packet mode network –
connection oriented (CO) and connectionless (CL).
 Comprises of packet switching exchanges (PSEs)
 For CO, the connection is first set up utilizes only a
variable portion of the bandwidth of each link and
hence the connection is known as a virtual
connection or virtual circuit

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Packet Mode
 For CL, the establishment of a connection is not
required and the 2 communicating
terminals/computers can communicate and
exchange information as and when they wish.
 In order to do this, each packet must carry the full
source & destination address in its header in order
for each PSE to route the packet onto appropriate
outgoing link.
 In CL, PSE is normally known as router

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Packet Mode
 The service offered by a packet switched network is
best-effort service, depending of number of
packets in the output queue, there will be some
delays.
 Router uses the store-and-forward method for
packets delivery
 The overall mean transfer delay of the packet
across the network is know as mean packet transfer
delay.

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Network QoS
 The operational parameters associated with a communication
channel through a network as known as the network Quality of
Service (QoS) parameters and collectively they determine the
suitability of the channel for the user of a particular
application.
 For circuit-switched network, the QoS parameters associated
with constant bit rate include:
 The bit rate
 The mean bit error rate (BER)

 The transmission delay

1-48


Circuit-switched network
 If the probability of BER is P and number of bits in
a block is N, then assuming random errors, the
probability of a block containing a bit error PB is
given by:
PB = 1- (1-P)N which is approx N X P (if N X P < 1)

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Circuit-switched network

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Packet-switched network
 The QoS parameters associated with a packet-
switched network include:
 The maximum packet size
 The mean packet transfer rate

 The mean packer error rate

 The mean packet transfer delay

 The worst-case jitter

 The transmission delay (Tp = distance/speed)

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Packet-switched network

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Application QoS
 Depending on types of application, the QoS
parameters include:
 The required bit rate or mean packet transfer rate
 The maximum startup delay
 The maximum end-to-end delay
 The maximum delay variation/jitter
 The maximum round-trip delay

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Application QoS

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Summary
 In this lecture, we have discussed:
 The different types of media that are used in
multimedia applications
 The different types of communication
networks that are used to support these
applications
 A selection of the different types of
application

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