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Etapas cableado
- 14. Otro ejemplo
- 28. Bosquejos borradores y planos de piso
- 31. Dibujos del plano terminado
Notas del editor
- The first step in this phase is actually securing the project. This includes the sales call, where the contractor's capabilities and history is presented to the client. The pre-sales phase results in the prospective client accepting the contractor's qualifications and inviting the contractor to a pre-bid meeting. A request for proposal (RFP), which defines the scope of the work and provides detailed specifications, is typically presented at the pre-sales meeting or is mailed to the contractor prior to that meeting. Following the pre-sales meeting, there is typically a site survey. After this it becomes the contractor's responsibility to respond to the RFP
- RFPs can be found in a number of ways. The sales and marketing efforts of the contractor lead to the contractor being placed on the bidders list for projects as they arise. However, there are other ways to find RFPs. Typically, United States government projects must advertise bids for projects over a certain dollar amount. These dollar amounts vary by locality and government entity. The projects are advertised in a publication called the Commerce Business Daily (CBD). This publication contains RFPs for any type of government requirement.
- In many cases the RFP will dictate the type and name brand of materials that the contractor is required to use. In other cases the contractor is asked to propose certain materials that meet a specification that is in the RFP. In this case, the contractor is typically requested to furnish samples of materials or engineering drawings after the contract is awarded but before the materials are ordered.
- The purpose of the pre-bid meeting is to give the contractor the opportunity to see if the company has an interest in this project without making a major investment in site surveys and estimates. The project may be too large or too small for the contractor. Technical requirements may be beyond the firm's scope or may suit it perfectly. The size of the project and the due date may be beyond the contractor's capabilities. The pre-bid meeting will also help to give the contractor an idea as to how many companies are going to be bidding on the project.
- The contractor may be accustomed to providing lump sum bids only, where all items are totaled and shown as one sum only. However, the RFP may require a breakout of labor and materials or an item by item listing. The contractor in this case could be disqualified if they provided a lump sum bid only. The bid is also an opportunity to provide optional items if allowed by the RFP. Options may include extended warranties, cable management systems, or an upgrade to higher performance type of cabling, for example, from Category 5e to Category 6.
- In order to calculate the price of the bid, the following formula can be used: (materials + loaded labor rate + subcontractors) x percentage of profit margin = bid There are other items that may also be added to the bid, including some or all of the following: Bonds Payment terms and conditions Short project description or service overview Valid time frame of bid, such as 30 days References from past customers
- It is not uncommon for a customer to select a small number of bid respondents for further evaluation. The customer may require some clarification on the bid response. A follow-up presentation and final review is scheduled with the finalists. The overall purpose of the follow-up presentation and final review is for the customer to achieve a level of comfort with both the contractor and the bid. The contractor must be prepared to demonstrate knowledge of the RFP and explain the firm's technical competence. The contractor must also confidently demonstrate their ability to perform the installation as defined by the RFP.
- It is advisable to create a sketch of the project while conducting the walk through. The sketch will be useful for identifying problem areas when it becomes time to actually perform the estimate. There are a number of key questions to ask on a site survey: Are there plenum ceiling areas? Is there a staging and storage area for materials? Are special work hours required? Are there special safety requirements? (This is particularly relevant in factory environments.) Which walls are firewalls? Is there asbestos in the building? Will the customer supply spare ceiling tiles in the event of breakage? Are there special labor issues to be considered?
- Counting outlet locations and measuring cable distances on a blueprint are called "take offs.“ Doing "take offs" requires a great degree of accuracy since this will give the material requirements for the bid. There are automated measuring devices available to help automate the process and minimize the chance for error. A blueprint measuring wheel can be programmed to match the scale of the drawing
- It is important not to place orders or hire subcontractors until the notice to proceed is received. Keeping material suppliers, subcontractors, and internal management informed will ensure that once the notice to proceed is given, all of the components of the project will come together as planned
- Labor costs are first determined by dividing the individual tasks into logical units and then assigning the time it takes to complete the task to the individual unit. One example of logical units is as follows: Labor to install a four pair jack = 0.25 hr Labor to place 50 m of Category 5e wire in open ceiling = 1 hr Labor to install 3 m of surface mount raceway = 0.25 hr Labor to terminate 4-pair wire = 0.25 hr Labor to test Category 5e wire = 0.25 hr This is one example of determining the costs to complete a project. The units are an example for this exercise. Other contractors will use a different loaded labor rate or a different unit of time to complete the task. The units of time are created from historical data for each company. In a competitive marketplace, they should all be very close to one another. Remember that this is the labor cost to complete the project. The profit margin will need to be added to this figure and that will become the labor bid price to the customer.
- Labor costs are first determined by dividing the individual tasks into logical units and then assigning the time it takes to complete the task to the individual unit. One example of logical units is as follows: Labor to install a four pair jack = 0.25 hr Labor to place 50 m of Category 5e wire in open ceiling = 1 hr Labor to install 3 m of surface mount raceway = 0.25 hr Labor to terminate 4-pair wire = 0.25 hr Labor to test Category 5e wire = 0.25 hr This is one example of determining the costs to complete a project. The units are an example for this exercise. Other contractors will use a different loaded labor rate or a different unit of time to complete the task. The units of time are created from historical data for each company. In a competitive marketplace, they should all be very close to one another. Remember that this is the labor cost to complete the project. The profit margin will need to be added to this figure and that will become the labor bid price to the customer.
- Labor costs are first determined by dividing the individual tasks into logical units and then assigning the time it takes to complete the task to the individual unit. One example of logical units is as follows: Labor to install a four pair jack = 0.25 hr Labor to place 50 m of Category 5e wire in open ceiling = 1 hr Labor to install 3 m of surface mount raceway = 0.25 hr Labor to terminate 4-pair wire = 0.25 hr Labor to test Category 5e wire = 0.25 hr This is one example of determining the costs to complete a project. The units are an example for this exercise. Other contractors will use a different loaded labor rate or a different unit of time to complete the task. The units of time are created from historical data for each company. In a competitive marketplace, they should all be very close to one another. Remember that this is the labor cost to complete the project. The profit margin will need to be added to this figure and that will become the labor bid price to the customer.
- Always make the last item on the checklist "Has the bid and RFP response been reviewed by another party?" This will help ensure that the estimate was accurate and that the RFP response was complete.
- The "loading" factor is calculated by adding up all of the costs associated with doing business, then dividing that number by the projected billable hours. This can be done on an annual basis, semi-annually, or quarterly. Loaded labor rate is the sum of the average labor rate paid to billable employees, plus employee benefits, plus loading factor. Loaded Labor =direct wages+benefits+company overhead
- Material shortages can cause project delays. While preparing the bid, the estimator should contact the suppliers to ensure that there are no known significant material shortages If there is an industry wide shortage, the customer should be notified as soon as possible, even prior to submitting the bid Material shortages will affect all of the bidders and could impact the completion date of the project.
- There are other labor situations that may dictate the job classification and the work that is allowed. In a union environment, supervisors are normally not allowed to perform installation work of any kind. Likewise, cable installers may not be allowed to install raceway. Sometimes, cable installers can install raceway up to a certain size or a certain length. An electrician must install anything beyond that.
- The requirements for a contractor to become licensed include technical knowledge, business knowledge, and knowledge of the labor laws of the state It is the contractor's responsibility to know if they must be licensed in a particular state or country.
- Details within the contract define the project. This information is taken from the RFP. The contract should include the complete job specification, including materials. The completion date will also be included. Contracts will also contain legal concepts like hold harmless clauses, insuring that each party is responsible for their own actions.
- The lowest bidder may not be perceived by the customer as the best bid. If there are six bidders on a project and five of the bids are within 15 percent of one another (highest to lowest) and one bid is 40 percent lower than the group, the customer may well assume that the bidder made a mistake and discard that bid.
- Some contracts contain a detailed bill of materials or a statement that the contractor will provide all materials required to complete the project as defined in the RFP The labor cost will be included in the contract. It may be defined as a separate line item, or it may be included in a lump sum price or a unit price Both the contractor and the customer should have the same understanding about the work that is to be performed. The project should be described in detail. This can be either in the body of the contract or as an addendum attached to the contract. The detailed project description should be taken directly from the RFP Roles and responsibilities define the actions of both the contractor and the customer. The approximate start date will be defined in the project. Start dates are often referred to as site availability dates or site access dates. Start dates generally have more flexibility than completion dates. The completion date will also be defined in the contract. Completion dates are generally not flexible. Other milestones may also be defined in the contract A bid bond may be required with the submission of the bid. The purpose of the bid bond is to guarantee the bid. If the contractor bids too low and refuses to accept the project based on the bid submitted, the bid bond is forfeited. The performance bond is used to guarantee the contractors performance. The amount of the performance bond is generally 100 percent of the bid. If the contractor fails to complete the project, the bond is forfeited and the proceeds are used to hire another contractor to complete the project The payment bond is used to ensure that the contractor pays their suppliers and subcontractors
- Once all of the negotiations are complete, the contract must be revised to reflect the changes that both parties agreed to. Both parties must still review the contract in detail. Contract negotiation is a verbal event where both parties must ensure that their intentions are accurately represented in the written document.
- Change orders that result in extra work should include the cost of the extra labor and materials, whenever possible. If this is not possible, the change order should include a statement that the customer agrees to pay for extra work The punch list can take the form of the customer's final acceptance of the project. Once the items on the punch list are completed to the customer's satisfaction, payment is expected
- The estimator should have a good understanding of all terms in the design document. Construction specifications differ from design documents in their format. Construction specifications adhere to the format designated by the American Institute of Architects (AIA). Each category of construction is designated a specific and uniform division number. Telephone and data cabling is currently included in Division 16, "low voltage and miscellaneous cabling." Division 16 will include intercom, security, and other miscellaneous categories
- There may be additional drawings such as furniture plans. Furniture plans will either be found in the "A" drawings or in a miscellaneous category
- If floor plans (generally part of the "A" drawings) are included in a complete AIA drawing set, they will identify walls, doorways, riser locations, and provide other necessary information required to determine obstructions. Floor plans will identify information outlet locations or jack locations if there are no "T" drawings provided. Floor plan drawings are accurate and drawn to scale. This allows the estimator to determine the distances used to calculate the length of cable runs
- If floor plans (generally part of the "A" drawings) are included in a complete AIA drawing set, they will identify walls, doorways, riser locations, and provide other necessary information required to determine obstructions. Floor plans will identify information outlet locations or jack locations if there are no "T" drawings provided. Floor plan drawings are accurate and drawn to scale. This allows the estimator to determine the distances used to calculate the length of cable runs
- Equipment diagrams may or may not be to scale. If they are not to scale, they generally will indicate dimensions where required
- In most cases, some cables are not installed as originally planned since obstructions or problems are encountered. Typical changes include adding or deleting cable runs or outlets, or routing cables by a different path. The as-built drawings give the customer a diagram of the work that was actually performed.
- In most cases, some cables are not installed as originally planned since obstructions or problems are encountered. Typical changes include adding or deleting cable runs or outlets, or routing cables by a different path. The as-built drawings give the customer a diagram of the work that was actually performed.
- In most cases, some cables are not installed as originally planned since obstructions or problems are encountered. Typical changes include adding or deleting cable runs or outlets, or routing cables by a different path. The as-built drawings give the customer a diagram of the work that was actually performed.
- In most cases, some cables are not installed as originally planned since obstructions or problems are encountered. Typical changes include adding or deleting cable runs or outlets, or routing cables by a different path. The as-built drawings give the customer a diagram of the work that was actually performed.