4. PRESENTATION TOPIC
• This presentation is about
• World Englishes
• How it emerges
• Different debates and linguists
• World Englishes in Future
5. World Englishes
• World Englishes is a term for emerging
localized or indigenized varieties of English,
especially varieties that have developed in
territories influenced by the United Kingdom.
6. World English VS World Englishes
• World English refers to the English language as
a lingua franca used in business, trade,
diplomacy and other spheres of global activity,
while World Englishes refers to the different
varieties of English and English-based
creoles developed in different regions of the
world.
7. More About World Englishes
• Arabic, Chinese, French, Russian, English, and
Spanish are the six
official languages of the United Nations.
• In the first session of the United Nations
General Assembly in 1946,
English and French were adopted as two
working languages for the United Nations.
8. Kachru
• According to Kachru (1992a) the global spread of English can
be explained in terms of two
diasporal transportations.
• 1. The first dispersal was within the Inner Circle where a
monolingual
English-speaking population migrated on a relatively large
scale to countries like North
America, Australia and New Zealand
• 2. The second diasporas of the Outer and Expanding circle was
the result of the
colonisation of Asia and Africa by the British.
9. Quirk 1998
• At the same time Quirk (1988, cited in Kachru,
1990) states that language spreads due to
• demographical, econocultural and imperial
factors.
11. Crystal 2007
• According to Crystal (2007), when a country
becomes independent, there is a natural
reaction to refrain from using the linguistic
character imposed by its colonial past and to look
for native languages to provide a symbol for
nationhood. As a result, new ways of talking and
writing develop and indigenous words become
privileged.
12. Mahboob 2009
• in a case study of Pakistani English, Mahboob
(2009) proves that English spoken in Pakistan
reflects their cultural and Islamic values, and it
has been modified to achieve
linguistic and pragmatic competence in a
Muslim country.
13. The Nativisation Continuum Of World
Englishes (NCWEs)
• 1. DIFFUSION
• English is spread as a result of colonisation ,
globalization or by any other mean.
• 2.INDUCTION
• English is officially accepted as a language
used for education , trade, communication
and so on.
14. • 3.CUSTOMISATION
• L1 and other local languages start to reshape
English slowly by giving it a local touch.
• Indigenous words form and structure get
incorporated into English
4.NATIVE RECOGNATION
People start to use English unconsciously
without associating with its parent varities.
16. Model’s of World Englishes
Kachru’s Model
• 1.Inner Circle (ENL)
• The Inner Circle Englishes in the model refer to the parentcountries of
English or the colonising nations such as Britain that spread the language
to
different regions of the world, for whom English is the first language in almost
all functions.
• 2. Outer Circle (ESL)
• The Outer Circle is inhabited by the colonised territories in which English is
a second or nonnative
language and used in different functional domains, such as government,
education,
law and so on.
• 3.Expanding Circle (EFL)
• In the Expanding Circle English is considered as a foreign language and is
used
• in highly restricted domains such as for international communication
17. IL Theory and World Englishes Debate
• According to IL theory, (Selinker, 1972, 1992),
second languge learners’ competence is based on
an
interlanguage continuum between their first (L1)
and their second (L2) language. If their output is
different from
Standard English (American or British), it is
regarded as an error (interference of L1 mainly)
and if they continue
producing errors (fixing), this is known as
fossilization.
18. Examplees
• Morphology And Syntax
• A: You have no objection?
B: Yes. (I have no objection)
Yes no confusion.
19. Difference in Cultural Conventions
1.A: How are You? B: Fine Thanks. (BRe)
2.A: How are you doing? B: Great Thanks (Ame)
3.A:Have you eaten? Greetings (Ase)
20. Interrogative Word Order in Indirect
Questions & use of invariant tag
questions
• 1) Tell me where can you meet us.
• (2) You know it isn’t it?
• (3) He is coming, isn’t it?
• (4) You went there yesterday, isn’t it?
21. Lexis
• (1) Her face-cut is very impressive. (profile)
• (2) The students want some important questions
from their teacher.
• (relevant, questions likely to come up in the
exam)
• I came here in a tempo. (a 3-wheeled vehicle)
• (4) He speaks chaste Hindi. (pure)
• Mr. Bajej is the whole sole in this factory. (the
boss, the man in charge)
22. World Englishes in Future
• The future of Worlds Englishes can be
considered from three perspectives:
multilingualism, multiculturalism and
• linguistic human rights.
23. Conclusion
• For the world, an international language is
• a communication tool for people to notice the
championship of human rights. English will
remain the dominant
• presence among international languages.
