This document discusses organic nanoparticles and their applications in nanomedicine. It defines nanoparticles as small objects between 1-100 nanometers that behave as single units. In nanomedicine, nanoparticles are used for targeted drug delivery, controlled release applications, and nanoimaging. Examples provided include gold nanorods and quantum dots for molecular imaging and cancer therapy, iron oxide nanoparticles for cancer detection, and the potential future use of nanorobots as miniature surgeons to repair cells or alter DNA.

1. Organic Nanoparticles
Adapting Emerging
Techniques from the
Electronics Industry for
the Generation of ShapeSpecific,
Functionalized Carriers for
Applications in
Nanomedicine

2. Introduction
• In nanotechnology, a particle is defined as a small
object that behaves as a whole unit with respect to
its transport and properties.
•
Particles are further classified according to
diameter.
• Coarse particles cover a range between 10,000 and
2,500 nanometers.
• Fine particles are sized between 2,500 and 100
nanometers.
• Ultrafine particles, or nanoparticles are sized
between 1 and 100 nanometers.

3. Nanoparticles

4. Cont...
• However,
during
the
1990s
before
the
National
Nanotechnology Initiative was launched in the USA, the
new name, "nanoparticle" had become fashionable.
• Nanoparticles may or may not exhibit size-related
properties that differ significantly from those observed in
fine particles or bulk materials.
• Nanoclusters have at least one dimension between 1 and
10 nanometers and a narrow size distribution.
• Nanometer-sized single crystals, or single-domain ultrafine
particles, are often referred to as nanocrystals.

5. Organic Nanostructure
•
•
•
•
A nanostructure is an object of
intermediate
size
between
microscopic
and
molecular
structures.
Often common chromophores,
vitamins, minerals, or drugs are
encapsulated in silica or a larger
"plastic" particle.
Which are organic materials,
liposomes,
polymer
nanocapsules.
The use of liposomes in medical
applications has received a
great deal of attention during
recent years.

6. Nanomedicine
• Nanomedicine is the application of
nanotechnology (the engineering of
tiny machines) to the prevention and
treatment of disease in the human
body. This evolving discipline has the
potential to dramatically change
medical science.
• Near-future nanomedicine applications
include
activity
monitors,
chemotherapy, pacemakers, biochip s,
OTC tests, insulin pumps, needleless
injectors, hearing aids, medical flow
sensors and blood pressure, glucose
monitoring and drug delivery systems.

7. Cont...
• The National Institutes of Health (NIH)
have recently coined the term
‘‘Nanomedicine’’
to
mean
the
application of nanotechnology for the
treatment, diagnosis, monitoring, and
control of biological systems
• At the forefront of research in this
area is the development of methods
to target and deliver pharmaceuticallyrelevant cargo and diagnostic and
imaging agents.
• One of the current trends in
nanomedicine materials development
is toward tunable monodisperse
nanostructures.
• Examples include colloidal gold, iron
oxide crystals , quantum dots
(CdSe/ZnS).

8. Cont...
• Nanomedicine has both the opportunity and the ability to
improve the effectiveness of drug delivery by targeting
pharmaceutically-relevant cargo to specific sites, by managing
the drug’s pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics, and
improving on its nonspecific toxicity and immunogenicity.
• Several areas of research are currently exploring the use of
NPs for drug delivery applications; these include liposomes,
micelles, and a variety of other polymeric NPs that are
composed of organic polymers with specific physical or
chemical properties that make them relevant delivery vehicles.

9. Micelles and liposomes in Nanomedicine
• Micelles – and liposomes in particular – are the
subject of major interest for drug delivery
applications.
• The surface can be modified such that the
liposome is targeted to a specific receptor,
leading in turn to reduced toxic side effects of the
drug.
•
Conventional liposomes have been used to
carry and transport both antimicrobials and
chemotherapeutics, as well as DNA and proteins.

10. Cont...
• Unfortunately, there are disadvantages to
conventional liposomal carriers, the most
prominent being rapid clearance from the
blood and chemical and physical
instability.
• Thus, clear advances have been made
recently in the development of stabilized
liposomes.
• For example, a polyethylene glycol (PEG)
coating can be used to create longcirculating liposomal carriers.

11. Protein or Polymer conjucates
• In Nanomedicine, proteins are
called as a polymer conjucates.
• Polymer–drug
(or
protein)
conjugates are hybrid structures
that tend to be water-soluble.
(due to control of the chemical
composition of the polymer)
• Use of polymers in biomedical
materials applications — e.g., as
prostheses, medical devices,
contact lenses, dental materials
and pharmaceutical excipients.
• synthetic polymer NPs have been
developed as a more effective
drug delivery method, to use of
transport.

12. Nano Imaging
Nano imaging is the technique and
process used to create images of the
human body for clinical purposes
or
medical science.
Although imaging of removed organs and
tissues can be performed for medical
reasons, such procedures are not usually
referred to as medical imaging, but rather
are a part of pathology.

13. Example - I
• Huang and co-workers have
described the use of gold
nanorods of a specific aspect
ratio that absorb and scatter
strongly in the near infrared
region.
• These
nanorods
are
conjugated to anti-epidermal
monoclonal antibodies and
can be used simultaneously
for molecular imaging and
photothermal cancer therapy.
• Iron oxide NPs cause spinspin time relaxation changes
innearby water molecules, and
this property can be exploited
to detect cancers or other
diseases

14. Ecample - II
• Likewise,
Akerman
have
described the use of quantum
dots (CdSe/ZnS) for targeted in
vivo diagnostic imaging.
• Here, quantum dots are defined
as inorganic nanocrystals less
than 10 nm in size and with
tunable fluorescent properties.
• Recently, Whitesides described
using
the
technology
of
microfluidics
to
prepare
monodisperse
micron-sized
particles
that
can
be
functionalized with magnetic NPs
or dyes for use in imaging.

15. Cont...
• In addition to nanoimaging applications,
nanomedicine can provide an array of
opportunities for targeted drug delivery
and controlled release applications.
• One of the nano imaging application for
drug delivey is nanorobots.

16. Nanorobot
• The
most
advanced
nanomedicine involves the use of
nanorobot
is
as
miniature
surgeons.
• Such machines might repair
damaged cells, or get inside cells
and replace or assist damaged
intracellular structures.
• At the extreme, nanomachines
might replicate themselves, or
correct genetic deficiencies by
altering
or
replacing
DNA
(deoxyribonucleic
acid)
molecules.

17. Some types of Nanorobots
Nanorobots on brain cells
Nuclear Powered Nanorobots
Medical nanorobots drilling in a
human body
Nanorobots for drug delivery

18. Nanorobot for Brain