This document summarizes a presentation on biodiversity belowground (BGBD) in agroforestry systems in Indonesia. It discusses four activities: 1) Surveying BGBD across land use types, finding lower diversity in monocultures. 2) Discussing farmer knowledge of BGBD. 3) Experiments showing earthworm mortality from gliricidia litter. 4) Surveying nematode populations spatially in coffee agroforestry, finding higher plant parasites in monocultures. The presentation concludes that maintaining tree diversity in agroforestry improves environmental conditions and BGBD, though relationships can be complex as gliricidia both suppresses parasites but harms earthworm

1. Session 5.3 ‘Biodiversity and Agroforested Habitats’, Wednesday 12 February
Shade, litter, nematodes, earthworms,
termites and companion trees in coffeebased agroforestry in relation to climate
resilience
K. Hairiah1), I G. Swibawa 2), W.S. Dewi3), F. K. Aini4),
D.Suprayogo1), Widianto1), F.X. Susilo2) and M van
Noordwijk4)

2. Forest conversion to coffee
Can infiltration and soil functions
be maintained?
Do agroforestry systems matter?
Objective: Quantify direct and indirect impact
of changes in tree diversity on diversity of soil
biota and ecosystem services of coffee based
agroforestry systems ~ climate resilience

3. Activities
Lampung,
2004
1. Survey belowground biodiversity
(BGBD) in various land use systems
Lampung, 2004
& Malang 2005
2. Focus group discusisons (FGD) ~
farmer local knowledge on BGBD
Malang, 2007
3. Pot experiments ~ Earthworm
response to litter quality
Lampung, 2007
4. Survey on the spatial pattern of
nematodes in a mixed coffee
agroforestry system.

4. Land Use Systems
1. HA= Undisturbed Forest
FOREST
2. HS = Disturbed (secondary)
3. AF = Coffee based agroforestry
4. KM= Monoculture coffee
5. TS = Annual food crop system
6. HT= Vegetables crop system
Coffee
garden
Annual
Crop
7. AL = Degraded land (Imperata grassland)

5. Coffee monokulture)
(CoffeeMonoculture
(Shaded coffee)
Coffee-based AF
What has changed?
1. Canopy cover

6. of
fe
e
M
on
o
i
Flower
C
-G
l ir
Leaf
Sh
ad
ed
40%
-P
ar
60%
at
Ma
on
o
Branch
Sh
ad
ed
0%
lir
i
14
M
Cu
oflti
s
fe t
er
Fo
de
rd
es
-G
t
Sh
a
2
ar
4
Litter composition
6
-P
st
ra
ta
8
de
d
ul
ti
10
Sh
a
M
12
Fo
re
st
Litter input, Mg/ha/yr
What has changed?
2. Litter Input
Fruit
11.5
100%
10.0
9.2
80%
6.1
3.6
20%
0

7. What has changed?
3.Micro climate
Source: Hairiah et al., 2006
28
26
Range of spatial variation, oC
Mean soil temperature, oC
Sun Coffee
Sun
Shaded
Multistrata
Forest
30
24
22
Forest
20
18
18
20
22
24
26
o
Mean air temperature, C
28
30
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
18
20
22
24
26
o
Mean soil temperature, C
28

8. ACTIVITY 1
BGBD Inventory

9. What has changed?
Earthworm Diversity
(Taxonomy, Biogeography, Function)
Biogeo
graphy
Fungti
on
Metaphire sp.1
N
Ep
Metaphire sp.2
N
Ep
Megascolex sp.
N
En
Metaphire javanica group
N
A
Pontoscolex corethrurus
E
En
Gordeodrilus elegans
E
A
Malabiria levis
E
En
N. panamaensis
E
A
Dichogaster saliens
E
En
Ocnerodrilus occidentalis
E
En
Species
11 species
Jumlah jenis (10)
HA
HT
AF
KM
PL
HR
AL
Disappeared
3
4
5
5
2
N = native, E = exotic, Ep = epigeic, En = endogeic, A = anesic
3
2

10. What has changed?
LOST
DOMINANT
Metaphire javanica
Pontoscolex corethrurus

11. 1
2
CHANGES ENVIRONMENTAL SERVICES: Soil Porosity
4
3
Soil Macropore

12. 30 cm
30 cm
100 cm
Forest
Macropore invertical plane
20 %
Coffee-based
Agroforestry
30 cm
8%
Coffee
monoculture
30 cm
6%
Imperata
grassland
12 %

13. No
TERMITES
39 species
Aini, 2006
Exclusive Species in the Forest
Total species in
Lampung:
Species
1 Coxocapritermes sp. A
2 Coxocapritermes sp. B
3 Microcapritermes
connectens
4 Procapritermes sp.C
5 Pericapritermes buitenzorgi
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
Termes comis
Labritermes sp. A
Pericapritermes nitobei
Pericapritermes sp. D
Pericapritermes speciosus
Pericapritermes
dolicephalus
Nasutitermes havilandi
Hospitalitermes hospitalis
Schedorhinotermes
brevialatus
Longipeditermes longipes
Macrotermes ahmadi
Bulbitermes constrictus
Bulbitermes flavicans
Bulbitermessp. A
Nasutitermes sp.B
Nasutitermessp. C
Parrhinotermes sp. C
Parrhinotermes aequalis
Bulbitermessingaporiensis
Fungcional
LUS
Group
HA HT AFI KM TP
Soil
1) 3)
Soil
1) 3)
Soil
3)
Soil
Soil
Soil
Soil
Soil
Soil
Soil
Soil
3)
1) 2)
3)
3)
2) 3)
3)
3)
3)
1) 3)
Wood
Epiphyte
Wood
HR
AL
3)
3)
3)
Wood
Wood
Wood
Wood
Wood
Wood
Wood
Wood
Wood
Wood
2) 3) 3)
3)
3)
3)
3)
2)
3)
3)
3)
3)
3)
3)
14 species
disappeared
3 Tolerant
Species
7 New Species

14. ACTIVITY 4
Companion crops
Nematodes Sampling
Coffee
50 m
Zone A
100 m
Zone B1
150 m
Zone B2
Zone c
10 cm
10 cm
10 cm
20 cm
20 cm
20 cm
30 cm
30 cm
30 cm

15. 900
800
700
600
500
400
300
200
100
0
UNF
LOF
AFC MNC
Land use systems
(B)
100
SFI
Relative density Functional
indiv/100 nematodes
Group,
Nematodes density, indiv./ 300 cc soil
(A)
1000
90
Pt
Fv
Bv
Pr
Om
Plant
parasitic
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
UNF
LOF
AFC
MNC
SFI
Land use systems
(Pt = herbivore (plant parasitic), Fv = fungivore, Bv = bacterivore, Pr = predator, and Om =
omnivore; UNF=Undisturbed natural forest, LOF=Logged over forest, AFC= Agroforestry coffee
based, MNC=Monoculture coffee system, LAN=Low intensified annual cropping , HAN= High
intensified annual cropping, SFI= Shrub – Imperata grassland)

16. Omnivora
1%
KK1
Predator
1%
Bakterivora
21%
Fungivora
4%
Algaivora
0%
KK3
Omnivora
Bakterivora
1%
7% Predator
1%
Algaivora
0%
Plant-parasitic
nematodes
Fungivora
2%
Parasit tbh
75%
Monoculture coffee, 1 yr
Algaivora
1%
Parasit tbh
87%
Monoculture coffee, 3 yr
KP5
KG3
Omnivora
3%
Omnivora
5%
Predator
5%
Predator
7%
Algaivora
0%
Bakterivora
23%
Parasit tbh
50%
Bakterivora
28%
Fungivora
3%
Fungivora
9%
Gliricidia -shaded coffee
Parasit tbh
66%
AF coffee+ banana
KA5
Omnivora
3%
Predator
3%
Bakterivora
14%
Algaivora
0%
Fungivora
5%
Parasit tbh
75%
AF coffee+ avocado
Kelimpahan klp. makan
nematoda pada lahan
kopi

17. Effect of cropping pattern in coffee agroforestry system
on abundance of parasitic nematode (Radopholus)
Cropping pattern
Monoculture
Coffee + banana
Coffee+ Gliricidia
Coffee + Gliricidia +
Avocado
Coffee + Gliricidia +
Avocado +
Mahogany
Probability
Population
(individu per
300 cc soil)
97.47 b
328.39 a
95.02 b
88.47 b
136.92 b
0.0005
(Swibawa et al, 2008)

18. Activity 2.
Farmer perceptions ~
BGBD
Earthworm is important for
maintaining enough ‘humus’ in
agricultural soil & good bite for
fishing !

19. Plannar cage
Field Day:
LIFE BENEATH OUR FEET

20. ACTIVITY 3. What “food quality” earthworms like?

21. Not all litters are the same……
Earthworm Mortality, %
Gliricidia
120
100
80
60
40
control
20
Control
0
Coffee (C)
Gliricidia (G)
Avocado (A)
C+G
C+G+A
coffee
0
20
40
60
80
100
Time, days
Gliricidia litter poisonous to Pontoscolex

22. Mortality, %/pot
120
Gliricidia application > 4
Mg ha-1 is harmful for
earthworm started at 7
days after application
y = 57.13ln(x) - 13.98
R² = 0.748
100
80
60
40
20
0
-20
0
-40
2
4
6
7
8
Under field condition:
Litter production of
Gliricidia 5- 6 Mg ha-1
Dosage Gliricidia, Mg ha-1
Mortality, %/pot
120
100
Mg ha-1
0
80
2
60
4
40
6
20
0
0
7
14
Time, day
21
28

23. Process
Drivers
Forest
Agroforestry: Tree diversity
Tree density &
diversity: Canopy
cover
Micro Climate: Air &
Soil
Temperature, Soil
moisture
Soil Organisms
Termites
Earthworms
Factors
Control soil borne disease
Services
Nematodes
ECONOMIC &
ENVIRONMENTAL
PERFORMANCE
Surface Litter
composition:
snag, branch, twig,
leaf, fruit, flower
Litter quality
Decomposition
Mineralisation
SOM
Nutrients
Macropore
formation
Growth & Yield
of desirable
crops
Low erosion risk
Maintain C stock

24. Improving ABGD in complex AF systems is a key
factor in maintaining BGBD and optimizing its
ecosystem function.
BUT,
specific relations may be more complex as
shown by Gliricidia, it provides specific benefits
by suppressing plant-parasitic nematodes….
BUT, it can be harmfull for earthworms
mixing Gliricidia with coffee prunings +
others reduced the negative effect of Gliricidia

25. • BGBD Project
• Indonesian Ministry of
Education & Culture
• Indonesian Ministry of
Research Technology
• TULSEA Project - ICRAF