Panama Canal Course Day 3 final

Panama Canal - Class #2
The Panama Canal
100 Years of Service to World Commerce
Day 3
 The Workforce
 Life in the Panama Canal Zone
 The United States Exit from Panama
 Recent Panamanian Events
 The Panama Canal Today
 The Canal Expansion Project

1900 – 1904 – McKinley / Roosevelt
1904 – 1908 – Roosevelt
1908 – 1912 – Taft
1912 – 1916 - Wilson
Presidential Visits….
v
v
v

The Work Force
The Panama Canal

The Workforce.…
Engineers
v

The Workforce.…
Engineers

The Workforce.…
Executives

The Workforce.…

The Workforce.…
Skilled Labor

Retired, 12/31/45, $1.89 / hr.Hired, 8/11/06, $0.65 / hr.
The Workforce.…

Isthmian Canal Commission, Culebra, August of 1910
Maurice Thatcher
Colonel Goethals
Joseph Bishop
The Workforce.…

The Workforce.…
Chief Engineer , Colonel George Washington Goethals

Bishop: “The last visitor of the morning is big Bill Morrison, the Socialist blacksmith from
Gorgona, and he comes, not with a kick, but with an invitation. “
Morrison: “The boys in the shops are going to give a banquet to celebrate the breaking up
of the old camp and they want the Colonel to be there.”
Colonel Goethals: “Can I get such a breakfast next morning as I had at Mrs. Morrison’s in
1907? That was the best I had on the Isthmus.”
Morrison: “Sure”
Colonel Goethals: “Then I’ll come.”
Bishop: “He passes over the cigarettes and the two sit down as amicably as if there was not
a shoulder strap nor a red flag in the world.”
Morrison: “Colonel did you see much of Socialism when you were in Germany?”
Colonel Goethals: “The Kaiser told me he was going to stamp it all out.”
Morrison: “Bismarck tried that you know.”
Colonel Goethals: “Now look here Morrison, you mustn’t say we have Socialism down here.
Introduce the franchise and we’d go to pieces. It’s a despotism; and that’s the best form of
government.”
Morrison: “It is, agrees the big Socialist with a laugh, if you’ve got a good despot.”
Genius of the Panama Canal by Joseph Buchlin Bishop,
1930, page 248
The Workforce.…

The Workforce.…
My Dad, Inspector of Weights &
Measures & C.V. Brathwaite, helper
Engineers and skilled workers
were U.S. citizens and
numbered about 6,000.

The Workforce.…
My Dad retires at age 56 after 36 years
, 7 months, & 6 days of employment
with the Panama Canal Company

My Mom, Secretary to 5700th Wing Commander, Albrook AFB, C.Z.
The Workforce.…

The Workforce.…
 The vast majority of the workers on the isthmus during the American construction
period were unskilled laborers recruited from islands throughout the Caribbean.
 Workers also came from other parts of the world, with Spain, Greece, Italy, and
India.
 Chief Engineer Stevens tried to use Chinese labor, ala railroad construction in the
western U.S., but strong anti-Chinese sentiments both at home and in Panama made
this impossible. Panama Canal - Class #3

The Workforce.…
Trinidad, Barbados. Guadeloupe

These men are paid from 16 to 20 cents an hour (about $5.00 per hour in todays
dollars).
The Workforce.…

 Laborers were so attracted by the good
pay, fair treatment, and excellent living
conditions that more than 2,000 came from
Spain and Italy during 1910 alone.
 Laborers who had left the work to go to Brazil
and South American countries returned to the
Isthmus in large numbers, seeking re-
employment.
The Workforce.…
The popularity of the work on the Isthmus became so
great that it is no longer necessary for the Canal
Commission to bring in recruits from the West Indies
and Europe.

 Employees are divided into two categories
 Those paid in gold, who form the
"gold roll."
 Those paid in silver, the "silver roll."
 Americans belong to the former, and the
West Indians and Panamanians to the
latter.
The Workforce.…

 Workers received daily meal tickets for 30 cents after they have done one's
work, entitling them to three meals.
 The three-meals cost the Commission 27.29 cents.
The Workforce.…

Spanish workers
The Workforce.…
Indian Workers

The Workforce.…
London’s West End,
Circa 1900

The Workforce.…
New York City, 10th Ward
Circa 1900

The Workforce.…
Panama City
Poor Neighborhoods
2013

The Workforce.…
Panama City,
Today

The Workforce.…
Rainbow City High School

Helper Mortimer Boyce
presented with Certificate of
Service
Instrument Repair Shop Helpers
The Workforce.…

The Workforce.…
Performance
recognition
22 years of
service
Elevator Operator,
34 years of service

The Workforce.…
 Business Manager of Local Union
397, International Brotherhood of Electrical
Workers & Panama Canal Personnel
Bureau Director awards a scholarship to a
Pedro Miguel lock operator.

Life in the
Panama Canal
Zone
The Panama Canal

Life in the C.Z.…
My Dad & Siblings,
1917
1906

Life in the C.Z.…

Balboa Club House
(Service Center)
Life in the C.Z.…

Life in the C.Z.…
Balboa Post Office

Life in the C.Z.…
Balboa Teen Club

Life in the C.Z.…
Governor’s Mansion, Ancon Heights

Life in the C.Z.…
Housing for U.S. Rate Employees
(Quarters)

Life in the C.Z.…
Housekeepers

1949
2011
Life in the C.Z.…
1930

Life in the C.Z.…
AFRTS – Armed Forces Radio & TV Service
SCN – Southern Command Network

Life in the C.Z.…
Balboa Commissary

Life in the C.Z.…
Balboa Police Station

Balboa Fire Station
Life in the C.Z.…

Tivoli Hill of Rome
Tivoli Hotel
(Guest House)
Life in the C.Z.…

Life in the C.Z.…
“Joltin Joe” DiMaggio &
New York Yankees

 Publication of accurate information
 Progress by week, by month, by year
 Social life, Amusements, Sports
 Letters from employees with only restriction that they be respectful and signed with
name and address of writer
Life in the C.Z.…
Joseph B. Bishop

Panama Canal Review
Life in the C.Z.…

Panama Canal - Class #3Border at Ancon, C.Z.
Life in the C.Z.…

The U.S. Exit
from the Panama
Canal Zone
The Panama Canal

 1928: The gradual reversal of U.S. policy was heralded with the formal disavowal of
the Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine.
 The Roosevelt Corollary was articulated by President Teddy Roosevelt in his State
of the Union Address in 1904 stating that the U.S. will intervene in conflicts
between European Nations and Latin American countries to enforce
legitimate claims, rather than having the Europeans press their claims
directly.
Tensions in the C.Z.
 1933: In his inaugural address in
1933, President Franklin Roosevelt
enunciated the Good Neighbor Policy.
 That same year, the U. S. expressed a
qualified acceptance of the principle of non-
intervention.
 1936: the United States approved this
principle without reservation.

 1932: Panama began opposition to the sale of 3.2 % beer in the C.Z. competing
with Panamanian beers.
 1933: High unemployment in Panama and friction over the C.Z. commissaries.
 1933: President Harmodio Arias went to Washington. The U.S. pledged
sympathetic consideration of future arbitration requests involving economic
issues that did not affect the vital aspects of canal operation.
 1934: President Roosevelt visited Panama preparing the way for future
negotiations..
Overview of U.S. – Panama Relations

 1935: discussions on a replacement for the Hay-Bunau-Varilla Treaty continued,
 1936: Secretary of State Cordell Hull signed a new treaty--the Hull-Alfaro Treaty.
The Hull-Alfaro revisions, radically altered the special rights of the U.S. in the
Isthmus, and the Senate was reluctant to accept the alterations.
 1939: A reluctant US Senate passed the Hull-Alfaro Treaty .
 1946 & 1947: U.S. intentions to extend its hold on military bases outside of the CZ
met with violence. When the Panamanian National Assembly met in 1947 to
consider ratification, a mob of 10,000 Panamanians armed with
stones, machetes, and guns rioted.
 1948: U.S. evacuated all occupied bases and sites outside the Canal Zone.
 1952: Jose Antonio Remon Cantera, a former police commander in chief, won
the presidential election in Panama campaigning against the U.S., which was the
normal approach, with the slogan "Ni millones ni limosnas, queremos justicia."
("Not millions nor alms, we want justice".)
 January 25,1955: The Remon-Eisenhower Treaty was signed that further
updated and amended the original Hay-Bunau-Varilla Treaty of 1903 . Aspects of
the treaty covered local trade /worker rights, upgrades and military base usage
and was characterized by the hardness and unwillingness to negotiate of the
Panamanians.
Tensions in the C.Z.Overview of U.S. – Panama Relations

 President Remon was assassinated on
January 2, 1955 at the Juan Franco Racetrack
some three weeks before the Treaty was signed.

Dr. Arnulfo Arias Madrid

 1956: Egyptian nationalization of the Suez Canal raised new hopes in
Panama, because the two canals were frequently compared in the world press.
 1956: John Foster Dulles's unqualified statement on the Suez issue that the U. S.
did not fear similar nationalization of the Panama Canal because the U.S.
possessed "rights of sovereignty" there inflamed Panamanian Nationalists.
 1956: Panamanian public opinion was further inflamed by a United States
Department of the Army statement implied that the 1955 treaty had not in fact
envisaged a total equalization of wage rates. The United States attempted to
clarify the issue by explaining that the only exception to the "equal pay for equal
labor" principle would be a 25 % differential that would apply to all citizens
brought from the continental United States.
 1958: Students demonstrating against the United States clashed with the
Panamanian National Guard. The violence of these riots, in which nine died, was a
forecast of the far more serious difficulties that followed a year later.

 November 1959: Anti-U.S. demonstrations occurred during the two Panamanian
independence holidays aroused by the media, particularly by articles in
newspapers owned by Harmodio Arias.
 Panamanians began to threaten a "peaceful invasion" of the C. Z., to raise the flag
of Panama there as tangible evidence of Panama's sovereignty.
 Fearful that Panamanian mobs might actually force entry into the C. Z., the U.S.
called out troops.
 Several hundred Panamanians crossed barbed wire restraints and clashed with
C. Z. police and troops. A second wave of Panamanian citizens was repulsed by the
Panamanian National Guard, supported by the U.S.
 U. S. authorities then erected a fence along the border of the Canal Zone,

1959 Disturbances

 March 1, 1960: On Constitution Day student and labor groups threatened another
march into the C. Z. Widespread disorders of the previous fall had had a sobering
effect on the political elite, who seriously feared that new rioting might be
transformed into a revolutionary movement against the social system itself.
 Both major coalitions contesting the coming elections sought to avoid further
difficulties, and influential merchants, who had been hard hit by the November 1959
riots, were apprehensive.
 September, 1961: Agreement to raise the Panamanian and United States flags
side by side at one location along the C.Z. border with Panama.
Tensions in the C.Z.Overview of U.S. – Panama Relations

 A permanent bridge over the
canal had been proposed as a
major priority as early as 1923.
Panama Today.…
 In 1955, the Remon -
Eisenhower Treaty
committed the U.S. to
building a bridge at a cost
of $20 million to be paid for
by the U.S.
 The inauguration of the
bridge took place on
October 12, 1962, with great
ceremony.
Thatcher Ferry
Thatcher Ferry Bridge

 Undersecretary of State George W. Ball was to deliver the keynote address.
 The President of Panama, Roberto F. Chiari attended
 The ribbon was cut by Maurice Thatcher, the only living original ICC Commission
member.
Panama Today.…
 Public opinion in Panama was
against the naming of the bridge
after Maurice Thatcher.
 Canal Zone Police, alerted to
planned demonstrations, were
dispatched to the bridge to protect
the dignitaries in the event the
demonstrators became violent.

 At the height of the ceremonial proceedings, a crowd of over 5,000 turned hostile.
 A Canal Zone Police contingent of fifty-five police officers removed the dignitaries
from the platform and directed them to safety..
 Demonstrators, having successfully marred the dedication ceremonies, poured onto
the center-span of the bridge and marched back and forth displaying anti-
American banners.
 The two commemorative plaques set at the entrance to each bridge approach were
pried loose and destroyed.
Panama Today.…

 1964: Public demonstrations continued, but the rioting that occurred 1964 was much
more intense. The incident began with a symbolic dispute over the flying of the
Panamanian flag in the Canal Zone.
 For some time the flag issue had been seriously complicated by differences of
opinion on that issue between the Department of Defense and the Department of
State.
 Panamanians remained dissatisfied as their flag appeared at only one location in
the Canal Zone, while the United States flag flew alone at numerous other sites.
 President Eisenhower ordered that at several points in the Canal Zone the U. S.
and Panamanian flags would be flown side by side.
 President Kennedy had further extended this to all locations in the Canal
Zone.

 At some point in late 1963, Canal Zone Officials decided that no flags would be
flown in front of schools in the Canal Zone
 Students of at Balboa High School on two consecutive days (January 7th & 8th)
hoisted the American flag alone in front of their school.
 Word of the gesture soon spread across the border, and on the evening of January
9, 1964, nearly 200 Panamanian students marched into the Canal Zone with their
flag. A struggle ensued, and the Panamanian flag was torn. After that
provocation, thousands of Panamanians stormed the border fence. Rioting lasted 3
days, and resulted in more than 20 deaths, serious injuries to several hundred
persons, and more than $2 million of property damage.

Balboa High School
January 7th and 8th of 1964

Balboa High School
January 9th of 1964

Tivoli Guest House

 President Johnson confers with Special Envoy Robert B. Anderson who will represent
the U.S. in upcoming discussions with official of Panama regarding the Canal Zone
dispute.

Ford / Carter Debate – October 6 of 1976
 Candidate Jimmy Carter stated he “would never give up practical or operational
control of the Panama Canal”.
 11 months later, Carter signed a treaty immediately giving up control of the Canal
Zone and total control over the operation of the Panama Canal on December 31 of
1999.
U.S. Exit.…

U.S. Exit.…

U.S. Exit.…
 Henry Kissinger, Secretary of state to Presidents Nixon and Gerald Ford, served as
the principal negotiator for the U. S. with Panama beginning in 1973 and reached an
agreement with Panamanian officials in September, 1977.
 The treaty governed the operations and defense of the Canal through
December 31, 1999, and guaranteed the permanent neutrality of the Canal.

 1966: Attained rank of Lt. Colonel in the Guardia Nacional.
 1968: Along with Major Boris Martínez led a successful coup d'état against the
recently elected president of Panama, Arnulfo Arias, after only eleven days in
office.
 1968: Torrijos was promoted to full Colonel and named commandant of the National
Guard.
 1968: Political activity was outlawed, legislature shut down, seized control of
three newspapers owned by Arias' brother, Harmodio.
 1969: Exiled Martínez and promoted himself to Brigadier General.
U.S. Exit.…
 1972: Regime held a
controlled election of an
Assembly of Community
Representatives, with a single
opposition member.
 The assembly approved a
new Constitution which made
Torrijos the actual head of
government, with near-
absolute powers for six
years.
General Omar Efraín Torrijos Herrera

U.S. Exit.…
September 30, 1979

 Torrijos was regarded by his supporters as the first Panamanian leader to represent
the majority population of Panama, poor, native Indian, mixed heritage as opposed
to the light-skinned, political and social elite of pure Spanish heritage, often referred
to as rabiblancos, "white-tails“.
U.S. Exit.…

 July 31 of 1981 General Torrijos died at the age
of 52 when his aircraft, a DeHavilland Twin Otter
, crashed. The aircraft disappeared from radar
during severe weather.
 Due to the limited nature of Panama's radar
coverage at the time, the plane was not reported
missing for nearly a day. The crash site was
located several days later by U.S. Special
Forces in the first few days of August.
U.S. Exit.…

Operation Just Cause.…
Manuel Antonio Noriega Moreno
Supreme Military Governor of
Panama from 1983 to 1989

 The military incursion into Panama began on the 20th of
December 1989, at 1:00 a.m. local time.
 The operation involved 27,684 U.S. troops and over
300 aircraft.

 According to official Pentagon
figures, 516 Panamanians were
killed during the invasion;
however, an internal Army memo
estimated the number at 1,000.
 The UN estimated 500 deaths
while Americas Watch found that
around 300 civilians died.
 President Guillermo Endara said
that "less than 600 Panamanians"
died during the entire invasion.[
 The U.S. lost 23 troops and 325
were wounded.

 About 2,700 families that were displaced by the Chorrillo fire were each given
$6,500 by the U.S. to build a new house or apartment in selected areas in or near
the city. However, numerous problems were reported with the new constructions
just two years after the invasion.

 During the invasion, General, and dictator Manuel Noriega was deposed.
President-elect Guillermo Endara was sworn into office at Fort Clayton, and
the Panamanian Defense Force was dissolved.
Guillermo Endara

 Predictably the invasion provoked
international outrage. Some countries
charged that the U.S. had committed an act
of aggression by invading Panama and was
trying to conceal a new manifestation of its
interventionist policy of force in Latin
America.
 On 22 December, the Organizational of
American States passed a resolution
deploring the invasion and calling for
withdrawal of U.S. troops.
 On 29 December, the General Assembly of
the U.N. voted 75–20, with 40
abstentions, to condemn the invasion as a
flagrant violation of international law.

 Military Governor of Panama from 1983 to
1989.
 In the 1989 invasion by the U.S. he was
removed from power as a prisoner of
war, and taken to the U.S.
 Tried on eight counts of drug
trafficking, racketeering, and money
laundering in April 1992.
 U.S. prison sentence ended in September
of 2007.
 Extradited to France in April 2010.
 Found guilty and sentenced to seven
years in jail in July 2010.
 A conditional release was granted on
September 23, 2011, to be extradited to
serve 20 years in Panama.
 He arrived back in Panama on
December 11, 2011.
Manuel Antonio Noriega Moreno

U.S. Exit.…
December “30th” of 1999

U.S. Exit.…
Some 95 years after
acquiring the Panama
Canal Zone in 1904, the
United States is presence
is over.

U.S. Exit.…
Panama Canal Authority Directors
Panama Canal Authority Chairman & Minister
for Canal Affairs Ricardo Martinelli
Canal Authority Board of Directors

 Completed his high school at Staunton Military Academy.
 Graduated with a B.S. in Business Administration from the University of Arkansas in
1973
 Earned a M.A. in Business Administration from the INCAE Business School in
1977, located in Nicaragua.
 Martinelli is the President and
Director of the board of
Panamanian supermarket chain
Super 99. and of two other
companies
 He sits on the boards of at least
eight other companies
Panama Today.…
President Ricardo Martinelli

Panama Today.…

 As soon as the world became aware of the intent of the U.S. government to
surrender the Panama Canal to the Panamanian government , a Hong Kong
international trading company, Hutchison-Whampoa, owned by a Hong Kong
billionaire , quietly began adding the Panamanian seaports along each coast of the
Isthmus of Panama to its world-wide seaport holdings.
 Ten per-cent of this new venture, Panama Ports, is owned by China
Resources, the commercial arm of the Peoples Republic of China's Ministry of
Trade and Economic Cooperation.
 Panama gave Hutchison Whampoa the right to build new port facilities in
Balboa, the canal's only Pacific port, and a major Atlantic port in
Cristobal, and to operate the ports for the next half-century.
 Later Panama's gave Hutchison Whampoa the right to control anchorages
on both ends of the canal, to hire new pilots , to block all passage that
interferes with the company's business, to take control of key public roads
near the canal and to have right of first refusal for control of some former
U.S. military bases.
 China is in Panama for the long haul. A Chinese corporation called Great Wall
Panama has secured a lease for 60 years for an export zone on the Atlantic side.
Panama Today.…

Panama Today.…
Centennial Bridge, opened in 2004
 Designed by T.Y. International.
 Built by German company Bilfinger Berger using resources from its Australian
subsidiary Baulderstone Hornibrook.
 Structural engineering awarded to German firm of Leonhardt, Andrä and Partner.

 HK Nicaragua Canal Development Investment Co. Ltd (HKND), recently won
Nicaraguan approval to build a canal across that nation.
 The company says a second canal is needed to accommodate expanding
international trade and the growing number of ships too big to use the Panama
Canal..
Panama Today.…

Panama Today.…
 HKND will receive much of the financing coming from the Chinese government
estimated at $40 Billion.
 In 2013 the Sandinista National Liberation Front pushed through a vote in
Nicaragua’s National Congress to give HKND has sole rights to:
 Build an inter-oceanic canal deeper and wider than the Panama Canal and
operate it for 50 years and option for 50 more.
 Shielded from lawsuits over environmental damages
 May plan to build and run a parallel railway “dry canal”.
 Construct an oil pipeline.
 Operate deep-water ports at either end.
 Operate at least one major airport and free trade zone.
Daniel Ortega

 Colombia and China are collaborating on a "dry canal" .
 China would fund the project, which would link Colombia's Atlantic and Pacific
coasts together by rail linking the Atlantic coast city of Cartagena with the Pacific
port of Buenaventura.
 Colombia is the world’s fifth biggest producer of "high quality coal in easily-worked
surface mines close to the Caribbean end of the proposed route.
Panama Today.…

Panama Today.…
Chinese Presence

The Canal
Expansion
The Panama Canal

Canal Expansion.…

Canal Expansion

Canal Expansion.…Estimated Completion – Mid 2015

 The Maersk Line Triple E class is a family of large, fuel-efficient container ships.
 The name "Triple E" is derived from the class's three design principles:
 Economy of Scale
 Energy Efficient
 Environmentally Improved
 They will be the most efficient containerships per twenty foot equivalent unit (TEU)
of cargo with a capacity of 18,000 containers!
The Future.…

The following words of Theodore Roosevelt are displayed in the
Rotunda of the Panama Canal Administration Building, Balboa, C.Z.

Panama Canal Course Day 3 final

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Panama Canal Course Day 3 final