The document discusses the endocrine system, specifically focusing on the pancreas and diabetes mellitus. It describes the pancreas' roles in metabolism and hormone production. It then covers diagnostic studies for diabetes, the different types of diabetes, treatments including diet, exercise, insulin and oral medications, and nursing considerations related to managing the condition and its complications.

1. ENDOCRINE SYSTEM Ma. Victoria J. Recinto, BSN, RN, USRN Pediatric Intensive Care Nurse University of the Philippines-Manila Philippine General Hospital

8. Diabetes Mellitus Macronutrient Anabolism Catabolism CHO Glucose Glycogen CHON Amino acid Nitrogen Fats Fatty acids Free fatty acids: Cholesterol & Ketones

17. Insulin Therapy Type Onset Peak (hrs) Duration (hrs) Rapid-acting: Lispro (Humalog) 15 min ½-1 ½ 4-5 Insulin aspart (Novolog) 5-10 min 1-3 3-5 Short-acting: Regular (Humulin R, Novolin R) ½-1 hr 2-4 5-7 Intermediate-acting: NPH (Humulin N, Novolin N) 1-2 hrs 6-14 24 Lente (Humulin L, Novolin L) 1-3 hrs 6-14 24

18. Insulin Therapy Type Onset Peak (hrs) Duration (hrs) Long-acting: Ultralente (Humulin U) 6 hrs 18-24 36 Insulin glargine (Lantus) - - 24 Premixed: 70% NPH/30% regular (Humulin 70/30) ½-1 hr 2-12 18-24 50% NPH/50% regular (Humulin 50/50) ½ hr 3-5 24 75% Lipro Protamine/25% Lispro 10-15 mins 1-6 24