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The Construction of Libya Since 2011, the Arab countries have experienced big changes, and the governance of these countries are facing unprecedented risks. The president of Tunisian Ben Ali fled from Saudi Arabia, which led to the actual collapse of his regime. The president of Egyptian Mubarak designated in the voice of public protests. Gaddafi’s regime in Libya fell under the guise of both NATO and the domestic political opposition, while Gaddafi died. The president of Yemeni Saleh was forced to resign and took refuge in other countries. Syria governed under the Baath Party is still walking on thin ice, facing an uncertain future. The change experienced by the Arab world now is the third wave of political system reform since the nationalism in the 1950s and the Islamic revivalism in the 1980s. Because of its strong impact, magnitude of the changes and the wide range of influences, it’s deemed as another major political change as serious as the collapse of the former Soviet Union and tremendous change to East Europe, which led to the end of the Cold War, while this change caused the “chain collapse” of the power system in Arab countries and dragged the Arab countries into violent turmoil. This change has attracted great attention from international academic circles. Scholars discussed the origins of this political change from various perspectives in depth. Most of them believe that the occurrence of this change is the comprehensive result of both internal and external factors. The internal cause is the decay of the political development in these countries (especially authoritarianism, family politics, and old-age politics), stagnant economic development and the transmission of new media on the Internet. External factors are the aftermath of European and American countries’ intervention and the “Democratization of the Greater Middle East” in the United States, even climate change may be one of the factors. However, Rome is not build in one day. The root cause of this change is the problem of national construction that has plagued the Arab countries to this day. Judging from the historical process of modern times, the construction of modern countries is mainly the construction of nation-states. However, there is a difference between the construction of the country and the construction of the nation. The former is to construct a concrete and real political community, and there is external force intervention such as the great powers and the United Nations. The latter is a community of imaginations with similar historical memories and cultural symbols, although it is Constructed but external forces are difficult to intervene. In Habermas's view, state-building refers to a nation composed of citizens, and nation-building refers to a nation composed of people. The coincidence of the two conceptions is the ideal national state construction, and the alienation between the two will lead to the tension of citizenship and national identity. In additi.
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Edgecombe Community College GEO 111 Stephen Herring, Instructor April 1, 2015 Key Vocabulary for Study of the Middle East Chapter 7 covers the Middle East, also known as Southwest Asia/North Africa To understand this region you need to begin with the first round of colonial expansion under Arab influences following the death of the Prophet Muhammad in 632 CE. There was a division right after his death between the Arabs and the Persians over who would be the leader of Islam. This division led to the split between Sunni and Shiite Muslims. This split has many complex religious and cultural overtones, but it has been historically exacerbated by ethnic and economic tensions throughout the region between Sunni Arabs and Shiite Persians. Sunni Islam is largely influenced by ethnic Arabs and Shiite Islam is largely influenced by ethnic Persians. This is an oversimplification because many Shiite or Sunni Muslims are neither Arabs nor Persians, but this way of framing the conflict helps us to see the influences of Arab colonialism throughout the area. Following the era of Arab colonialism we come into the period of European colonialism, a time when many of the present day nation states of the region had their borders drawn without regard to pre-existing tribal or ethnic allegiances. Look, for example, at Greater Kurdistan, a well- defined ethnic region which came to be subsumed within Iraq, Iran, Turkey, and Syria. The next item required for an understanding of the Middle East is the Holocaust. The Holocaust was the slaughter of over six million Jewish men, women, and children under the Nazi leadership of Germany during the Second World War. The Holocaust was the direct result of accumulating attitudes of anti-Semitism in the Christian West. There had been centuries of pogroms and outbursts of anti-Semitic violence throughout Europe prior to the Holocaust. The Holocaust brought about the realization that there needed to be a Jewish sovereign state, a Jewish homeland in the Biblical land of Israel. All religious considerations aside, this was initially a purely practical, secular observation, that there had to be an organized Jewish state in order that the Jews might defend themselves effectively against the threats of widespread anti-Semitism. This concept came to be known as Secular Zionism. Various definitions are available for Zionism, but for our purposes it will be defined as the belief that there must be a Jewish sovereign nation in the Biblical land of Israel. Today within the modern state of Israel and elsewhere we have both secular and religious Zionists. After the Holocaust Jewish people migrated back to Israel from all over the world. They claimed and settled the land of Israel. The problem with this was that there were already people living there who called the place Palestine. The Palestinians were forced to leave their homes and property as Israel expended through the 1950’s. The Palestinian refugees moved int.
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Edgecombe Community College GEO 111 Stephen Herring, Instructor April 1, 2015 Key Vocabulary for Study of the Middle East Chapter 7 covers the Middle East, also known as Southwest Asia/North Africa To understand this region you need to begin with the first round of colonial expansion under Arab influences following the death of the Prophet Muhammad in 632 CE. There was a division right after his death between the Arabs and the Persians over who would be the leader of Islam. This division led to the split between Sunni and Shiite Muslims. This split has many complex religious and cultural overtones, but it has been historically exacerbated by ethnic and economic tensions throughout the region between Sunni Arabs and Shiite Persians. Sunni Islam is largely influenced by ethnic Arabs and Shiite Islam is largely influenced by ethnic Persians. This is an oversimplification because many Shiite or Sunni Muslims are neither Arabs nor Persians, but this way of framing the conflict helps us to see the influences of Arab colonialism throughout the area. Following the era of Arab colonialism we come into the period of European colonialism, a time when many of the present day nation states of the region had their borders drawn without regard to pre-existing tribal or ethnic allegiances. Look, for example, at Greater Kurdistan, a well- defined ethnic region which came to be subsumed within Iraq, Iran, Turkey, and Syria. The next item required for an understanding of the Middle East is the Holocaust. The Holocaust was the slaughter of over six million Jewish men, women, and children under the Nazi leadership of Germany during the Second World War. The Holocaust was the direct result of accumulating attitudes of anti-Semitism in the Christian West. There had been centuries of pogroms and outbursts of anti-Semitic violence throughout Europe prior to the Holocaust. The Holocaust brought about the realization that there needed to be a Jewish sovereign state, a Jewish homeland in the Biblical land of Israel. All religious considerations aside, this was initially a purely practical, secular observation, that there had to be an organized Jewish state in order that the Jews might defend themselves effectively against the threats of widespread anti-Semitism. This concept came to be known as Secular Zionism. Various definitions are available for Zionism, but for our purposes it will be defined as the belief that there must be a Jewish sovereign nation in the Biblical land of Israel. Today within the modern state of Israel and elsewhere we have both secular and religious Zionists. After the Holocaust Jewish people migrated back to Israel from all over the world. They claimed and settled the land of Israel. The problem with this was that there were already people living there who called the place Palestine. The Palestinians were forced to leave their homes and property as Israel expended through the 1950’s. The Palestinian refugees moved int ...
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Kwame Nkrumah led the Gold Coast as the first to gain its independence from the British. An educated man, Nkrumah, earned his bachelor's degree from Lincoln University (Pennsylvania), where he pledged Phi Beta Sigma Fraternity, Inc., and received an STB (Bachelor of Sacred Theology) in 1942. Nkrumah went on to earn a Master of Science in education and later philosophy from the University of Pennsylvania. While at Lincoln, he became president of the African Students Organization of America and Canada. It was in the United States that he embraced the ideas of Marcus Garvey and adopted a Pan-Africanist approach to his view of Africa and Africans of the Diaspora. Nkrumah returned to Africa after World War II when he was asked to serve as General Secretary to the United Gold Coast Convention, which was exploring routes to independence from the British. Nkrumah and others from the UGCC were arrested in 1948, after a series of riots broke out across the Gold Coast protesting the high cost of living. Though they quickly realized their error and soon released Nkrumah, his imprisonment by colonial powers increased his power and prestige among Africans discontent with the British status-quo. Nkrumah embarked on a campaign across the Gold Coast to rally the masses behind the quest for independent. His demand was self-government - now! To appease the growing movement, the British assembled a group of middle-class Africans to draft a constitution that would give more power to native Africans. Under the constitution, only those with sufficient assets, property and wages, could vote - a proposal unacceptable to Nkrumah. The People Assembly was organized and demanded universal suffrage and self-governance - a proposal unacceptable to the colonial administration. In 1950, Nkrumah's response was to organize the Positive Action campaign which included civil disobedience, non-cooperation, boycotts, and strikes. Nkrumah and many of his supporters were arrested and sentenced to prison. The British, who now faced international ridicule and continued resistance, withdrew from the Gold Coast. The first general election was held in 1951, with 34 of the 38 elected seats going to Convention People s Party representative. Progress toward independence moved quickly after the first general election. Nkrumah was released from jail and asked by the British Governor Charles Arden-Clark to form a government. In 1952, the constitution was amended to provide for a Prime Minister and Nkrumah was overwhelmingly elected to the office. He presented his Motion of Destiny to the Assembly, which requested/demanded independence within the British Commonwealth. As the first leader to leader of this governmental body, Nkrumah Kwame Nkrumah on Cover of Time Magazinefaced major challenges. He, his administration and the people of the Gold Coast had to learn to govern, again. Second, the nation of Ghana had to be melded into one cohesive body from four territories. Third, he had to gain ...
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Violent vs. Non-violent solutions. Violent solutions are temporary solutions. Nonviolent solutions are more permanent due to the fact that the process for achieving the solution is consistent with the goal. It was said by Napoleon that everything taken by force is temporary. Nonviolence is more permanent because it is based on social growth, human reconciliation, and changing conditions. With respect to this statement, how would you apply it to the conflict found in the Middle East? Solution The conflict in the Middle East is an altogether different scenario. Its a conflict between the two Islamic sects, that has been there since almost a millennia. Historically, the Shia\'a sect is recognised as more \'Persian\' since Iran itself is a predominantly Shiite nation. When the caliphate invaded Persian lands, its people recognized themselves as a different sect since they were non-Arabs and supported Muhammad\'s son-in-law and cousin Ali Talib to be the successor of the caliphate. Since he was killed in battle by the armies who supported Abu Bakr as the rightful successor, Sunni Islam became the dominant sect - roughly 90% of the Muslim population is Sunni. Now, in such cases non-violence cannot really be used since its a conflict that also involves terrorism. Since terrorism itself is an armed movement, stopping it requires force. Non-violence is used more in socio-political situations - the movements in South Africa, independence movement in India are some historical examples where the objective was to achieve a socio- political aim. For example, the laws of British imperialism were the cause of unrest in India that led to non-violent movements to achieve constitutional sovereignty. It was a socio-political objective led with a motive to achieve long term goals like stability & economic growth. Of course, a lot of violence was involved, but the ultimate objective could be met with only organised protest. Armed conflicts are achievable only when one faction or a party is able to assimilate annexed territory and people. This was not the case with Napoleon and with so many other dictators. Assimilation, establishing administration, peace and rule of law takes a lot of time. It involves establishing a welfare state for everyone affected. Besides, there always has to be a casus belli behind every armed movement. The reason why Napoleon failed is because his conquests were seen as forceful and lacking a justification - people outside the French borders were never ready to accept his rule. Similar is the situation in the Middle East. Since the Americans left, they appointed a Shiite President to head the country. The Sunnis never really liked this stance and add to it some of the pro-Shiite stance taken by the Iraqi president, was enough to further deepen sectarian tensions. So, non-violent movements require an environment where they can be executed. When an armed conflict is underway, there is little space for non-violence..
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Abir Chaaban
CULT200, Introduction to Arab and Islamic Civilization
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What is civilization
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Lecture Notes, What is Philosophy
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Elements of Nationhood Introduction to Political Science LIU
Elements of nationhood
Elements of nationhood
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The history of sexuality
The history of sexuality
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Political theory vs. political ideology2
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Introduction to political science1
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The Golden Age of Islam 3
Freedom of Will and Determinism
Freedom of Will and Determinism
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Mind Body Problem
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The golden age of islam2
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The golden age of islam
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Philosophy of religion1
Inductive and deductive reasoning
Inductive and deductive reasoning
Inductive and deductive reasoning
Inductive and deductive reasoning
What is civilization
What is civilization
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What is philosophy
Elements of nationhood
Elements of nationhood
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Python notes for Unit 1 Avanthi PG College
Python Notes for mca i year students osmania university.docx
Python Notes for mca i year students osmania university.docx
Ramakrishna Reddy Bijjam
In this webinar, nonprofits learned how to delve into the minds of funders, unveiling what they truly seek in qualified grant applicants, and tools for success. Learn more about the Grant Readiness Review service by Remy Consulting at TechSoup to help you gather, organize, and assess the strength of documents required for grant applications.
Grant Readiness 101 TechSoup and Remy Consulting
Grant Readiness 101 TechSoup and Remy Consulting
TechSoup
Psychiatric Nursing History collection format
psychiatric nursing HISTORY COLLECTION .docx
psychiatric nursing HISTORY COLLECTION .docx
PoojaSen20
Students will get the knowledge of : - meaning of marketing channel - channel design, channel members - selection of appropriate channel, channel conflicts - physical distribution management and its importance
Unit-IV- Pharma. Marketing Channels.pptx
Unit-IV- Pharma. Marketing Channels.pptx
VishalSingh1417
Numerical on HEV
Application orientated numerical on hev.ppt
Application orientated numerical on hev.ppt
RamjanShidvankar
The global implications of DORA and NIS 2 Directive are significant, extending beyond the European Union. Amongst others, the webinar covers: • DORA and its Implications • Nis 2 Directive and its Implications • How to leverage directive and regulation as a marketing tool and competitive advantage • How to use new compliance framework to request additional budget Presenters: Christophe Mazzola - Senior Cyber Governance Consultant Armed with endless Excel files, a meme catalog worthy of the best X'os (formerly twittos), and a risk register to make your favorite risk manager jealous, I swapped my computer scientist cape a few years ago for that of a (cyber) threat hunter with the honorary title of CISO. Ah, and I am also a quadruple senior certified ISO27001/2/5, Pas mal non ? C'est francais. Malcolm Xavier Malcolm Xavier has been working in the Digital Industry for over 18 Years now. He has worked with Global Clients in South Africa, United States and United Kingdom. He has achieved Many Professional Certifications Like CISSP, Google Cloud Practitioner, TOGAF, Azure Cloud, ITIL v3 etc. His core competencies include IT strategy, cybersecurity, IT infrastructure management, data center migration and consolidation, data protection and compliance, risk management and governance, and IS program development and management. Date: April 25, 2024 Tags: Information Security, Digital Operational Resilience Act (DORA) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Find out more about ISO training and certification services Training: Digital Operational Resilience Act (DORA) - EN | PECB NIS 2 Directive - EN | PECB Webinars: https://pecb.com/webinars Article: https://pecb.com/article Whitepaper: https://pecb.com/whitepaper ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- For more information about PECB: Website: https://pecb.com/ LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/company/pecb/ Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/PECBInternational/ Slideshare: http://www.slideshare.net/PECBCERTIFICATION
Beyond the EU: DORA and NIS 2 Directive's Global Impact
Beyond the EU: DORA and NIS 2 Directive's Global Impact
PECB
Subject Environmental Sciences in the syllabus of 1st year b pharmacy semester 2nd contain point The FOOD CHAIN & FOOD WEB.
Food Chain and Food Web (Ecosystem) EVS, B. Pharmacy 1st Year, Sem-II
Food Chain and Food Web (Ecosystem) EVS, B. Pharmacy 1st Year, Sem-II
Shubhangi Sonawane
Measures of Central Tendency: Mean, Median and Mode
Measures of Central Tendency: Mean, Median and Mode
Measures of Central Tendency: Mean, Median and Mode
Thiyagu K
God is a creative God Gen 1:1. All that He created was “good”, could also be translated “beautiful”. God created man in His own image Gen 1:27. Maths helps us discover the beauty that God has created in His world and, in turn, create beautiful designs to serve and enrich the lives of others.
Explore beautiful and ugly buildings. Mathematics helps us create beautiful d...
Explore beautiful and ugly buildings. Mathematics helps us create beautiful d...
christianmathematics
In Bachelor of Pharmacy course, Class- 1st year, sem-II Subject EVS having topic of Energy Resources under the point Natural Resources. Following Presentation contain total information about the energy resources like Introduction of energy resources, Non-renewable, Renewable Energy resources with examples as well as deep explanations of coal, oil, petroleum, solar energy , wind energy , Conservation of Natural resources etc. Students having deep knowledge about energy resources after studying this presentation.
Energy Resources. ( B. Pharmacy, 1st Year, Sem-II) Natural Resources
Energy Resources. ( B. Pharmacy, 1st Year, Sem-II) Natural Resources
Shubhangi Sonawane
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Russian Escort Service in Delhi 11k Hotel Foreigner Russian Call Girls in Delhi
Russian Escort Service in Delhi 11k Hotel Foreigner Russian Call Girls in Delhi
kauryashika82
In Bachelor of Pharmacy course, Class- 1st year, sem-II Subject EVS having topic of ECOLOGICAL SUCCESSION under the ECOSYSTEM point in this presentation points like ecological succession , types of ecological succession like primary and secondary explain with diagram. Students having deep knowledge about Ecological Succession after studying this presentation.
Ecological Succession. ( ECOSYSTEM, B. Pharmacy, 1st Year, Sem-II, Environmen...
Ecological Succession. ( ECOSYSTEM, B. Pharmacy, 1st Year, Sem-II, Environmen...
Shubhangi Sonawane
SGK
1029 - Danh muc Sach Giao Khoa 10 . pdf
1029 - Danh muc Sach Giao Khoa 10 . pdf
QucHHunhnh
In BC’s nearly-decade-old “new” curriculum, the curricular competencies describe the processes that students are expected to develop in areas of learning such as mathematics. They reflect the “Do” in the “Know-Do-Understand” model. Under the “Communicating” header falls the curricular competency “Explain and justify mathematical ideas and decisions.” Note that it contains two processes: “Explain mathematical ideas” and “Justify mathematical decisions.” I have broken it down into its separate parts in order to understand--or reveal--its meaning. The first part is commonplace in classrooms. By now, BC math teachers—and students—understand that “Explain mathematical ideas” means more than “Show your work.” Teachers consistently ask “What did you do?” and “How do you know?” This process is about retelling, not just of steps but of thinking. The second part happens less frequently. Think back to the last time that you observed a student make—a necessary precursor to justify—a mathematical decision. “Justify” is about defending. Like “explain,” it involves reasoning; unlike “explain,” it also involves opinion and debate. In order to reinterpret the curricular competency “Explain and justify mathematical ideas and decisions,” I will continue to take apart its constituent part “Justify mathematical decisions” and carefully examine the term “mathematical decisions.” What, exactly, is a “mathematical decision”? Below, I will categorize answers to this question. These categories, and the provided examples, may help to suggest new opportunities for students to justify.
Making and Justifying Mathematical Decisions.pdf
Making and Justifying Mathematical Decisions.pdf
Chris Hunter
ICT Role in 21st Century Education & its Challenges •This presentation gives an overall view of education in 21st century and how it is facilitated by the integration of ICT. •It also gives a detailed explanation of the challenges faced in ICT-based education and further elaborates the strategies that can help in overcoming the challenges.
ICT Role in 21st Century Education & its Challenges.pptx
ICT Role in 21st Century Education & its Challenges.pptx
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A short exhibit showcasing three concepts from sociology.
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Sociology 101 Demonstration of Learning Exhibit
jbellavia9
INDIA THAT IS BHARAT IN 2024 The preliminary round of Swadesh, The india quiz conducted on 30th April, 2024.
INDIA QUIZ 2024 RLAC DELHI UNIVERSITY.pptx
INDIA QUIZ 2024 RLAC DELHI UNIVERSITY.pptx
RAM LAL ANAND COLLEGE, DELHI UNIVERSITY.
Measures of Dispersion and Variability: Range, QD, AD and SD
Measures of Dispersion and Variability: Range, QD, AD and SD
Measures of Dispersion and Variability: Range, QD, AD and SD
Thiyagu K
test
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Activity 01 - Artificial Culture (1).pdf
ciinovamais
process recording format
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Python Notes for mca i year students osmania university.docx
Python Notes for mca i year students osmania university.docx
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Grant Readiness 101 TechSoup and Remy Consulting
psychiatric nursing HISTORY COLLECTION .docx
psychiatric nursing HISTORY COLLECTION .docx
Unit-IV- Pharma. Marketing Channels.pptx
Unit-IV- Pharma. Marketing Channels.pptx
Application orientated numerical on hev.ppt
Application orientated numerical on hev.ppt
Beyond the EU: DORA and NIS 2 Directive's Global Impact
Beyond the EU: DORA and NIS 2 Directive's Global Impact
Food Chain and Food Web (Ecosystem) EVS, B. Pharmacy 1st Year, Sem-II
Food Chain and Food Web (Ecosystem) EVS, B. Pharmacy 1st Year, Sem-II
Measures of Central Tendency: Mean, Median and Mode
Measures of Central Tendency: Mean, Median and Mode
Explore beautiful and ugly buildings. Mathematics helps us create beautiful d...
Explore beautiful and ugly buildings. Mathematics helps us create beautiful d...
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Energy Resources. ( B. Pharmacy, 1st Year, Sem-II) Natural Resources
Russian Escort Service in Delhi 11k Hotel Foreigner Russian Call Girls in Delhi
Russian Escort Service in Delhi 11k Hotel Foreigner Russian Call Girls in Delhi
Ecological Succession. ( ECOSYSTEM, B. Pharmacy, 1st Year, Sem-II, Environmen...
Ecological Succession. ( ECOSYSTEM, B. Pharmacy, 1st Year, Sem-II, Environmen...
1029 - Danh muc Sach Giao Khoa 10 . pdf
1029 - Danh muc Sach Giao Khoa 10 . pdf
Making and Justifying Mathematical Decisions.pdf
Making and Justifying Mathematical Decisions.pdf
ICT Role in 21st Century Education & its Challenges.pptx
ICT Role in 21st Century Education & its Challenges.pptx
Sociology 101 Demonstration of Learning Exhibit
Sociology 101 Demonstration of Learning Exhibit
INDIA QUIZ 2024 RLAC DELHI UNIVERSITY.pptx
INDIA QUIZ 2024 RLAC DELHI UNIVERSITY.pptx
Measures of Dispersion and Variability: Range, QD, AD and SD
Measures of Dispersion and Variability: Range, QD, AD and SD
Activity 01 - Artificial Culture (1).pdf
Activity 01 - Artificial Culture (1).pdf
PROCESS RECORDING FORMAT.docx
PROCESS RECORDING FORMAT.docx
The crisis of nation building in the case of lebanon11
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