2. A NOUN CLAUSE is a group of words with a subject and a verb
3. WHO WHOM WHEN WHICH HOW WHERE IF WHY THAT WHAT WHETHER WHOEVER WHEREVER WHICHEVER HOWEVER WHOMEVER WHATEVER WHENEVER
4. You can recognize a noun clause by one of the relative pronouns or adverbs that begin the clause
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6. Noun clauses function like nouns . They can be: subject subject complement object object of prepositions
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9. To include a question in a statement I don’t know what time it is. I wonder how he found out .
10. To report what someone has said or asked He said that he would return. He asked me what I wanted
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12. Noun clauses with THAT can be used with all verbs mentioned except wonder I think that this book will be interesting. The word that can often be omitted. However it can not be omitted if it is in the subject position
13. The fact that is used as the object of the preposition We are curious about the fact that she is here today.
14. Noun clauses with Wh -words They have statement word order, even when they occur within questions Wh + subject + verb I don’t know what he is doing I wonder how he feels today. Where I put my book is a mystery.
15. In conversation, noun clauses can be replaced by so after think hope believe suppose expect know
16. Noun clauses with If/whether are often followed by or not . They are often used in statements that express uncertainty
17. Noun clauses after verbs that show importance or urgency : advise forbid recommend ask insist require beg order suggest urge request demand
18. Some expressions that show importance or urgency : It is advisable It is essential It is imperative It is important It is necessary It is urgent
19. After verbs that show importance or urgency, the base form is used. Use the subject pronoun before a base form. For negatives, put not before the base form
20. It is essential that babies have stimulation. I advise that she stay home with her children.
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22. Direct (quoted) speech States the exact words a speaker used. In writing, use quotation marks. John said, “ I love this class.”
23. Indirect (reported) speech Reports what a speaker said without using the exact words. There are no quotation marks. John said that he loved this class.
24. The reporting verbs say and tell are usually in the simple past for both direct and indirect speech.
25. He said, “It’s great.” He said it was great “I’m leaving.” She said she was leaving “I made it.” He said that he had made it. He said to her, “I’ve never lied.” he told her that he had never lied
26. Remember to change pronouns , time and place expressions this and here in indirect speech to keep the speaker’s original meaning. Ann told Rick, “I bought this dress here .” Ann told Rick that she had bought that dress there .
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28. Some Modals change forms can – could may –might will – would have to, must – had to could, might, should, would, ought to, and had better do not change form
29. “ Are you bringing any fruit into the country?” The customs officer asked the tourists if they were bringing any fruit into the country . “Do you have your transcripts with you?” The registrar asked me if I had my transcripts with me.
30. “ Can you fix my car?” I asked the mechanic if he could fix my car. “ Did you see the accident?” The police officer asked me if I had seen the accident.
31. “ What do you want to be when you grow up?” My first grade teacher asked me what I wanted to be when I grew up.
32. Reported commands and requests Commands and requests are reported using infinitives, not noun clauses “Bring the book!” She told me to bring the book.
