1. Presentation on
Renewable Energy Technology and Green
Economy
Presented By:
Dr Rhiddi Bir Singh
Professor & Head
Natural Resources & Products Development,
Research Centre for Applied Science & Technology,
Tribhuvan University, Kirtipur, Kathmandu, Nepal
Organized By
Asia Pacific Graduates Youth Forum on Green Energy
The Small Earth Nepal (SEN)

2. Renewable Energy Resources
and Technology
 The Renewable Energy Resources are not
well defined.
 Renewable Energy Technologies are still
to be defined with reference to the Bio-
mass energy technology.

3. Current Energy Situation In Nepal
Energy sector is next to the food commodity in the general
public life.
Energy Resources Consumption in Nepal – 2009.
Total Energy Consumed 400.5064 million GJ 100.00 %
Traditional Fuel 348.8694 million GJ 87.09 %
Commercial Fuel 48.9023 million GJ 12.18 %
Renewable Fuel 2.7347 million GJ 0.68 %

4. Total Energy Generated from the
Renewable Resources 2009
Nepal is survived by the renewable energy resources-
mostly by biomass fuels.
Traditional Biomass Fuels 348.8694 million GJ 84.98 %
Electricity 8.1372 million GJ 2.03 %
Renewable Fuels 2.7347 million GJ 0.68 %
359.7413 million GJ 87.69 %

5. Total Energy Generated from the
Non-renewable Resources 2009
Petroleum Products 33.0136 M GJ 9.82 %
Coal 7.7515 M GJ 2.53 %
40.7651 M GJ 11.35 %

6. Necessity of Energy demand supply is
round the clock.
Major Energy Issue in Nepal is :
Biomass Fuels vs. Rest of the Fuels

7. Contribution of Biomass Based
Fuels in Nepal
Wood Fuels and Forest Residues 311.1673 million GJ
77.69 %
Agricultural Residues 14.4847 million TOE
3.66 %
Cattle Dung 23.0174 million GJ
5.74 %
Biogas 2.5931 million GJ 0.64 %
351.4525 million GJ 87.73 %

8. Contribution of non Bio-mass
based fuels in Nepal
Petroleum Products 33.0136 million GJ 8.21 %
Coal 7.7515 million GJ 1.93 %
Electricity 8.1372 million GJ 2.03 %
Micro-hydro & Solar 0.1416 million GJ 0.03 %
49.0439 million GJ 12.20 %

14. ENERGY CONSUMPTION IN RESIDENTIAL SECTOR—2008 / 09
Fuel Type Energy Consumed Residential National
Million GJ % Share % Share
Traditional 344.9562 96.69 86.13

Wood fuel 308.6043 86.51 77.05
Animal dung 23.017 6.45 5.74
Agri. Residue 13.3345 3.73 3.34
Commercial 9.0613 2.53 2.25

Petroleum Products 0.1638 0.04 0.03
LPG 3.2014 0.89 0.79
SKO 2.1266 0.59 0.53
COAL 0.0351 0.009 0.008
ELECTRICITY 3.5343 0.99 0.88

Renewables 2.7347 0.77 0.68

Gobar gas 2.5931 0.72 0.64
Microhydro 0.1360 0.04 0.03
Solar 0.0056 0.001 0.001
 GRAND TOTAL 356.7522 100.00 89.07

16. Energy System in Nepal
The energy generation / consumption
system cannot be distinguished into
 The Urban Energy System
 The Rural Energy System

17. The national energy consumption figure are
grossly classified under
  Residential
  Transportation
  Industrial
  Commercial
  Agricultural Sectors

18. Energy Data Base
Rational energy data base consideration
under the rural / urban energy system is still
to be worked out for
 - Rural / Urban Energy Supply
 - Renewable Energy System
 - Energy Economics

19. Rural – Urban Status of the
Nation
 About 83 % of the Nation’s total
Population Reside under the Rural
Infrastructure spread over the 3915 Village
Development Committees.
 Only 17 % of the Population are
Distributed Under the Urban Area. With in
58 Municipalties.

20. Rural Renewable Energy
Technologies in Nepal
Recognized, Developed and Implemented RETs
are Limited Under
# The Physical Energy Resources
Micro Hydro Power
 Solar Power
# The Biomass Energy Resources
Biogas (Dung Gas)

21. Energy Resources Harnessed,
Developed and Utilized in Nepal
 Biomass Resources (Traditional fuels )
 Wood fuel
 Cattle dung
 Agricultural residues
 Commercial fuels
Petroleum products
Coal
Electricity

22. The current status of renewable
energy in Nepal
 Renewable fuels
Bio gas
Micro hydro
Solar PV

23. Energy Resources Still to be
Developed and Utilized
 Wind power
 Geothermal power
 Liquid Bio-fuels
 Other Non Dung Based Biogas

24. Renewable biofuel resources processed
out of selective biomass type
 Biobriquette ( Solid fuel )
 Densified biomass briquette ( Non carbonized )
 Carbonized biomass briquette.
 Biofuels ( Liquid fuel )
 Bio-hydrocarbon oil: to be promoted for
the substitution of Kerosene oil.
 Bio-ethanol: to be promoted for the
substitution of Motor Spirit ( Petrol )
 Bio-diesel: to be promoted for the
substitution of High Speed Diesel.

25. Biogas Generation Required
 Biogas ( Gaseous fuel )
 Residential waste biogas
 Night Soil based biogas
 Agro-forestry waste biogas
 Land fill biogas
 Rural waste / Sewerage biogas
 Industrial Biogas

26. Green Energy Technology
 Biomass fed power plant for electricity
generation.
 Biomass gasification: Thermo-chemical
conversion for electricity as well as for
thermal applications.
 Biomass gasification: Bio-chemical
Conversion for thermal as well as the
electricity generation.

27. Limitations of Current Movement of Renewable
Energy Technologies under the Alternative Energy
Development and Promotion.
 There is no separate identified government
institution devoted to research, development
and innovation regarding the renewable energy
technologies.
 Only dung gas plant, micro-hydro power and
solar power system are in the implementation
phase.
 The primary motivational theme of these RETs
is basically meant for residential supply of the
energy generated.

28.  Insignificantly minor enterprise may have
entered into the income generation activity very
limitedly within the scarce surplus energy
resource in the rural arena.
 It is still largely unattended to assess, evaluate
and provide rationally conclusive remarks on
and about the income generation scheme
through the medium of Appropriate Renewable
Rural Energy Technologies, which assist in
Poverty Alleviation through the lively hood
development in Nepal.
 The existing status of the Rural Energy
Technologies do not permit the User’s to earn
enough economic achievement on sustainable

29. Renewable Rural Energy Technologies that are in
Popular Demand Under the Non-domestic Sector.
 Off grid access to the Electricity Required for
 Lighting  Cooking / Heating
  Beating  Spinning
  Dyeing  Weaving
  Cutting  Stitching
  Processing  Drying
  Motor / Wheel Operation
  Grinding / Expelling
  Cooling / Refrigerating
  Pressuring / Calendaring
 And Others

30. Renewable Rural Energy Technology to Generate Electricity is
Available for Development Through the Application of
1.Solid Biomass fuel / Liquid Bio-fuels / Gaseous
Bio-fuels.
2.Hydro Power Plant
3.Solar Power Plant
4 Wind Power Plant
5. Geothermal Power Plant

31.  Whatever the choice of Energy Resource if
Appropriate Renewable Rural Energy
Technology is Developed and Implemented
Beyond the Sphere of Residential Energy
Generation / Consumption Platform it will
definitely provide Economic incentive to the
Professional Rural Employee provided that it is
Efficiently and Sustainably run and managed.

32. Basic Requirement of Rural
Development for Poverty Alleviation
Rural Poverty Alleviation
Rural Tourism
Appropriate Renewable Rural / Traditional
Energy Technology Technology
Rural Energy System Rural Resource/ Skill
System

33. Renewable Energy Technologies and their
Linkages to Poverty Alleviation in Nepal
 Prevailing Infrastructure Background in the
Energy Sector .
• Nepal is one among the lowest energy-
consuming nation (15 GJ).
• About 87 % of the total energy share come from
the traditional biomass resources.
• Traditional fuel resources are renewable energy
resources that do not generate renewable
energy in Nepal.
• Traditional energy system are almost totally
non-monetized energy resources in Nepal .

34. • Commercial fossil fuel resources are cent
percent monetized energy system in Nepal.
• Fossil fuels are 100 % imported, costly, dirty and
environmentally unfriendly.
• Current generation of renewable energy is
lesser than 1 % (0.6 %).
• Renewable energy is about 50 % subsidized
and 50 % monetized in Nepal.

35.  The Inexhaustible Resource Potential,
Development Opportunity, and on
Demand Business Prospects Provide the
Attractive Future for the Development of
Renewable Energy Resources by
Applying Appropriate Technology in
Nepal.

36.  In case these locally available primary as
well as processed energy resources could
be well developed and appropriately used
under the RETs in the rural energy system
in Nepal, the following linkages could be
established to promote the poverty
Alleviation through the Lively hood
Development in Nepal.

37.   Abundant locally available natural energy resources
will be assessed, developed and consumed
periodically for better and improved life style.
  Traditional fuel resources as well as traditional
energy will be phased out from the national energy
data bank.
  Moneytization of the biomass based energy
resources will be chanallized for further energy and
economic development in Nepal.

38.  Rural people will have a rational awareness on and
about the endogenous energy development,
environmental safety, health benefit and economic
incentive.
 Dependable and reliable energy security system will
be developed.
 Unsustainable traditional energy system can be turned
to sustainable energy only by applying the RETs.

39.  Negative economic, health and environmental impacts
persisted in the use of fossil fuels can be mitigated
only through the mobilization of the appropriate RETs.
 Selection, development and implementation of the
specified location based appropriate RETs is the basic
need of sustainable energy development in Nepal.
 Rural employment generation opportunity will be
created through the implementation of the RETs.

40.  The development and implementation of RETs
can provide a series of value added chain right
from the source of origin up to the end use
device / appliances.
 Besides, the energy resource the health and
environmental impacts assessment of the RET
in operation could provide additional benefits out
of the CER based CDM project.

41. EMERGING ISSUES OF BIO-MASS RELATED
RENEWABLE ENERGY DEVELOPMENT
The only government organization devoted to the
renewable energy development program in Nepal is
the Alternative Energy Promotion Center (AEPC),
under the Ministry of Environment, which undertake
current developmental activities on
-Micro-hydro power generation
-Solar power generation
Among the physical energy resources and of all the
bio-energy resources only
-Bio-gas energy generation (domestic)
-Improved cooking stoves promotion.

42. Energy Application in Higher
Educational Institutions
Energy used are Average Energy Efficiency
- Electricity > 80 %
- LPG 50-60 %
- Kerosene / Petrol / Diesel 30-40 %
- Wood fuel / Other Biomass 6-10 %
(TCS)

43. The Alternative Substitution Available
Biogas fuel 50-60 %
Liquid Bio-fuels 40-45 %
NICS 20-32 %
*Renewable Energy Resources
-Electricity : Solar / Micro-hydro / Wind & Biomass
fuels.
-Resources available and accessible.
-Major Constraints: Instrument Set, Economic
Scale, High Initial Investment, Financial Subsidy
Inappropriate.

44. Lighting / Cooking / Heating / Generators System
 Use of CFL
 Application of WLEDs / LEDs
Biomass Fuel System
- Discard the TCS and Mud based ICS.
- Application of NICS.
The Load shedding Generator Operation.
 Replaced by Suitable RETs System.
 Switch of Feedstock Fuels to Biomass / Bio-
fuels / Biogas Fuel System.

45. Energy Efficiency
 Fuel Resources.
 End Use Appliances.
 Operational System.
Increase of Energy Efficiency Induce the Energy,
Environmental and Economic Impacts Positively.
-Less quantity of fuel use generate more useful energy
delivery.
-Carbon based fuel reduces the net emission factor by
minimizing the flue gas components.
- Carbon Particles
- Carbon Monoxides
- Unburnt Hydrocarbons

46. Energy Efficiency
- Poly-aromatic Hydrocarbons.
- Particulate Matters PM 10-2.5
 And Increase the Net Carbon Dioxide Emission.
 But still the Energy Saver, Environmental friendly and
Economically beneficial.
 Green Economic Development can only be achieved by
promoting the Green Energy Technologies.

47. Oleoresin tapping from Pine forest
Oleoresin Tapping from the Pine Tree

48. Oleoresin Distillation Unit
 Distillation Unit for Bio-hydrocarbon Oil

49. Lab.Processing of Oleoresin
Lab Process Setup
 Raw Oleoresin
Pine Oleoresin

50. Processed Oleoresin to Rosin
 Rs 50 per Kg
Rosin

51. Bio-fuel in Stove
Institutional Stove
Domestic Stove showing the flame

52. POTENTIAL OF LIQUID BIO-FUELS
- Nepal is rich in Natural Resources with about 40 % of
the total land area occupied by the Forest & Shrub land.
 Forest Resource Survey Data States that
 27 Districts possess 345557 Hectare Pine Forest Area
with 51.86 million Pine Population
 This Pine Population can yield 59000 Metric Tons of
oleoresin
 10620 Metric Tons of Turpentine Oil / Hydrocarbon Oil
can be distilled out.
 This is equivalent to about 12349 KL of oil.

53. POTENTIAL OF BIOHYDROCARBON OIL
 Industrial Production of Turpentine Oil
 12Private & Government Production Units are Tapping
59000 Metric Tons of Oleoresin every year from 345557
hectares of Pine Forest Area.
 Yield of Hydrocarbon Oil is 61800 KL
 Many other Pine Forest areas are still to be assessed
for the Oleoresin Production.
 Current resources in the 27 districts of Nepal
 Pine forest area 345557 hectares
 No of pine stems 51.86 million
 Annual production 59000 MT
 Biohydrocarbon oil 12349 KL which is 3.2% of SKO
volume Consumption of kerosene oil in 2003
 386533 KL

54. Financial Analysis of the
Biohydrocarbon Oil production
Cost of production of hydrocarbon oil Cost of
production
47.55
Cost of production, NRs/litre
50 of bio-
38.64 hydrocarbon
40
oil per liter
30 from
20 Tamagadhi
10 unit is less
than
0
Koteshwor unit Tamagadhi unit Koteshwor
unit.
Factories

55. Comparision of fuel efficiency in Common Stove
Stove Efficiency
43.00% 41.95%
42.00%
41.00%
Efficiency, %
40.00%
39.00% 38.40%
38.00%
37.00%
36.00%
Kerosene oil Hydrocarbon oil
Samlpe

56. Comparision of benefit per batch
The gross
Benefit per batch benefit of
Tamagadhi
Benefit per batch,
12710 unit is
15000
higher than
10000 5496 Koteshwor
Nrs
5000 unit for the
production
0
of
Koteshwor unit Tamagadhi unit hydrocarbon
oil.
Factories

57. Comparision of benefit per year
Every Year the benefit
4000000 3660480
3500000
Benefit, Nrs/year
3000000
2500000
2000000 1582272
1500000
1000000
500000
0
Koteshwor unit Tamagadhi unit
Factories

58. PROSPECTS OF LIQUID BIO-FUELS- SUBSTITUTION OF
COMMERCIAL FUELS
 Since the worldwide petroleum crisis of 1973 many
developed & developing countries have adopted the
generation and application of the renewable fuels.
 Production and application of the bio-diesel was
initiated from early 80s.
 Fuel application of bio-hydrocarbon oil may be suitable
only for a country like Nepal, where the cost of cooking /
lighting oil can be as high as US $ 2 per liter.in remote
rural area.

59. Digester of Biogas Plant- 1800
Cubic Meter
 Kerosene oil, diesel and motor spirit altogether makes
over 85 % of the total petroleum products that is
imported. If can be worked out practically even the
partial substitution of 5-10 % of their volume can result a
significant economic and environmental impact.
 Prospects of liquid bio-fuel development are strategically
important to the country, which is rich in bio-resources
and extremely poor in fossil fuel resources.

60. Distillery Industry

61. Head of Biogas Plant- Dr. R.B.Singh

63. Shree Ram Sugar Mills Pvt. Ltd.
It was established in 2049/4/15. It is situated in
Mahammadpur, Garuda VDC-6 of Rautahat district.
The factory is 200 meters east of the highway linking
with Chandranigahpur, the point of E-W highway. The
factory has been currently producing sugar and rectified
spirit as main products. The major by-products are
organic fertilizer from Effluent Treatment Plant,
Molasses and Bagasses. The size of the ETP plant is
2160m3 in this industry.

64. TRADITIONAL COOK STOVE
Disadvantages:
 Low efficiency (6-
10 %)
 Produced smoke
Traditional clay mud wood stays in the kitchen
stove for cooking food
 Utensils and
clothes are
blackened by soot
 Risk of fire
Iron tripod
hazards to children stove (6-10 %)
 Stoves needs Dr. R.B.Singh
Traditional clay mud wood blowing regularly
stove for animal feeding

65. EXAMPLES OF OTHER APPLICATION OF BIOMASS FUEL
Dr. R. B. Singh
Rakshi making Potteries (Dr. R.B.Singh)

66. IMPROVED COOK STOVES
Advantages:
 Higher efficiency (12-20%)
 No smoke in the kitchen
 Utensils are comparatively less
darkened by soot
 Normally no need to blow the fire
 Minimum risk of fire and burning of
children
 Health condition of users is improved
 Water can be heated by attaching
the boiler around the chimney
Disadvantages:
• The baffle inside ICS has to be repaired frequently to maintain shape
and size to make ICS operate efficiently
• The chimney should be cleaned off soot every 2 - 3 months
• ICS have low space heating efficiency
• Demands frequent repair and maintenance works. (Dr. R. B. Singh)

67. ROCKET STOVE
(EE 18-21 %)
RICE HUSK STOVE
BAYUPANKHI CHULO
( EE 24-32 %)
SOURCE: DR. R.B.Singh (3 JULY 2005)

68. INSTITUTIONAL ICS
Advantages:
 Constructed from local
materials
 Efficiency: 15-20%
 Saves up to 30-35% of fuel
wood
 Operation is easy and
convenient
 Normally no need to blow air
into it
 Work place is smoke free and
neat
Use of institutional ICS:
• Hospitals, hostel, barracks, tea shop and restaurants
• Wool dyeing, oil seed roasting for oil extraction,
confectionaries, Lapsi candy processing, Khuwa processing
Source: AEPC/CRT-N

69. INSTITUTIONAL METALL IC STOVES AT
NAMCHE BAZAR
Space Heating
and Cooking in
Hotel. (Dr. R. B.
Singh)_

70. COMPRESSION BRIQUETTING - BEEHIVE OR HONEY COMB BRIQUETTE
FUEL
 Carbonized material (from biomass
residue) mixed with some binder
(normally clay) is compressed in a
die which is like a beehive or honey
comb.
 This technology is introduced by
RECAST, being promoted in the rural
areas by NGOs and Research
Centers.
 The technology consists of
carbonizing unit, die for compression
briquetting and the stoves for burning
these briquettes.
 Uses: cooking, space heating (limited
use)
 Cost: Rs 20-25/kg
 Heat Value: 18 MJ/kg

71. SCREW PRESS BRIQUETTING
Briquetting materials
Electric motor
Feeder
Muff with heater
Screw extruder
Uses: Households, Institutions,
Industries.
Cost: Rs 15/kg
Net Heating Value : 16-18 MJ/kg
Source: Rice husk Briquetting – Mhaipi Briquette Udyog P. Ltd Nawalparasi

72. ROLLER PRESS DENSIFICATION/BRIQUETTING
Donor Supported Pilot Project.
Uses: Barbeque, Space
Heating, and Cooking.
Not Yet Marketed.
Source: Biobriquetting –
KMTNC/IHC/NESS project Dhapasi,
2000-2003 (not working)
VSBK

73. DIRTY AND CLEAN FUELS
Cattle
Dung
Agri- C
E biomass O
Wood, M
M
briquette F
I Kerosene,
S O
biofuels R
S Biogas,
I T
LPG
O
N Electricity
S Non-commercial fuels Commercial fuels
Energy Effeciency

74. GASIFIER STOVES: AIT Model
Institutional Gasifier Stove IGS2 developed at AIT Commercial Gasifier Stove CGS3 developed at
(5.5 kW; 25% efficiency with woodchips) – AIT (11.5 kW; 31% efficiency with woodchips)
adapted by RONAST Tested by Dr. R.B.Singh

75. Major problem faced in the Energy
Efficient Devices
- Limited Choice of Energy Resources Harnessing System.
- Very limited RDI and Implementation activities on the RETs
utilizing the locally available RE resources in the country.
- Very limited planned program implemented by the only govt.
organization working on the Alternative/Renewable Energy &
Technology (AEPC).
- - AEPC is about 90 % funded by donor countries.
- The primary concern of the AEPC is the rural energy sector of
the nation that is strictly segregated within the premise of the
residential requirement service.
Thank You