AIRCOM LTE Webinar Series:
Graham
Whyley
Lead LTE
Technical
Trainer

3 © 2013 AIRCOM International Ltd
About the Presenters
Graham Whyley – Lead Technical Trainer
 AIRCOM Technical Master Trainer since 2005
 Currently responsible for all LTE training
course creation and delivery
 Over 20 years of training experience at
companies including British Telecom and
Fujitsu
Contact us on training@aircominternational.com
Adam Moore – Learning & Development
Manager
 With AIRCOM since 2006
 Member of CIPD

About AIRCOM
 Founded in 1995
 14 offices worldwide
 Over 150 LTE customers
 Acquired Symena in 2012
 Products deployed in 159
countries
 Comprehensive Tool and
technology training portfolio
Network
Advise
Audit
PlanOptimise
Manage
AIRCOM is the leading provider of mobile network planning,
optimisation and management software and consultancy services.
Find out more at www.aircominternational.com

Agenda
 LTE Network Architecture Overview
 Function of the eNodeB
 Function of the X2
 Function of the Serving Gateway
 Function of the PDN Gateway
 Some of the functions of the MME

eNodeB interfaces
Evolved
Node B
(eNB)
LTE-Uu
Air-Interface
Bandwidth
(MHz)
1.4 3 5 10 15 20
MME:
Mobility Management Entity
S1-MME
S1-MME
The eNB and MME support
IPv6 and/or IPv4
The IP layer of S1-MME
only supports point-to-point
transmission for delivering
S1-AP message
MIB
VLR
192.1.1.4
192.1.1.5
192.1.1.6
64QAM
6bits/Hz
16QAM
4bits/Hz
QPSK
2 bts/hz
dynamic adaptive modulation
Radio Conditions SINR

eNodeB interfaces
Evolved
Node B
(eNB)
L1
MAC
RLC
PDCP
RRC
L1
MAC
RLC
PDCP
RRC
UE eNode B
Air-
Interface
control plane
Signalling
tracking area update
NAS NASAttach : IMSI OR GUTI
MME:
S1-MME
Paging
RRC Signalling
IMSI S-TMSI Tracking
Area
International mobile Subscriber Identity or IMSI
The TMSI It is allocated to a particular subscriber's (U)SIM card)
during initial attach.
HSS
Home Subscriber Server

Paging with s-TMSI
The UE needs to know the MME
id
For routing NAS message to the
appropriate MME

Attach Accept
MME:
Group 1 Code 1
S1-MME
Attach Accept
Periodic TAU: Upon the expiry of timer T3412
Globally Unique Temporary ID

Tracking Area Update – IDLE
LTE Non Access Stratum (NAS)
The LTE NAS protocol software
enables communication with the
MME in the LTE core network and
handles functions of mobility
Tracking AreaTracking Area
Tracking Area Identity = MCC (Mobile
Country Code), MNC (Mobile Network
Code) and TAC (Tracking Area Code
NAS: Tracking Area
update
Attach request, Tracking Area update etc
Attach accept: IP address, S-TMSI, QCI etc.

Globally Unique Temporary ID
Tracking Area
Tracking Area
NAS: Tracking Area
update
The TRACKING AREA UPDATING (TAU)
procedure is always initiated by the UE.
Normal TAU
Combined TAU
Periodic TAU: Upon the expiry of timer T3412
MME load balancing: When the UE receives
RRC CONNECTION RELEASE message with
cause ‘load balancing TAU required', it
initiates TAU procedure
MME
Code
MME Group
MME
Code

eNodeB interfaces
Evolved
Node B
(eNB)
L1
MAC
RLC
PDCP
RRC
eNode BAir-
Interface
control plane
Signalling
L1
MAC
RLC
PDCP
RRC
eNode B
RRC CONNECTION RECONFIGURATION message is the
command to modify an RRC connection.
· To establish/modify/release Radio Bearers
· To perform Handover
· To setup/modify/release Measurements
Other examples
– RRCConnectionReject
– RRCConnectionRelease
– RRCConnectionRequest
– RRCConnectionSetup
RRC Connection Reconfiguration
RRC: Measurement Report

eNodeB interfaces
Evolved
Node B
(eNB)
MME:
S1-MME
LTE-Uu
Air-Interface
64QAM
16QAM
QPSK
dynamic adaptive modulation
Radio Conditions SINR
scheduler
Data
I need to
give QoS
Serving
GatewayData
Data
S1-U
Control Plane
User Plane

Function Evolved Node B (eNB)
 RRM Radio Resource Management is made up of a number of closely interdependent
functions (i.e. algorithms)
 These functions can be divided into:
 Load control (LC)
 Admission control (AC)
 Packet scheduling (PS)
CCCH:RRC Connection Request Admission
control
Load control
Evolved
Node B
(eNB)
Packet
Scheduling
RRC IDLE
CCCH:RRC Connection Accept OR Reject

Evolved
Node B
(eNB)
Packet
Scheduling
RRC
CONNECTED
DataData
I need to
give QoS
L1/L2
IP
UDP
GTP-U
eNode B
L1
MAC
RLC
PDCP
L1
MAC
RLC
PDCP
UE
IP
Relay
Air-Interface
TCP/UDP
Application
USER PLANE
Data
Different
Applications
QoSClassIdentifier

Evolved
Node B
(eNB)
Packet
Scheduling
RRC
CONNECTED
DataData
I need to
give QoS
What are
some of
the inputs
I need
Load control
Radio Conditions-
Channel State Information
To include SINR
REAL /NON
REAL TIME
GBR/MBR

Evolved
Node B
(eNB)
Packet
Scheduling
RRC
CONNECTED
DataData
PS allocates
frequency and Time
to the UE
Evolved
Node B
(eNB)
Packet
Scheduling
RRC
CONNECTED
DataData
PS allocates
frequency and Time
to the UE
What happens if we
allocate same Frequency
& time?
We need
an
interface

Evolved
Node B
(eNB)
Packet
Scheduling
RRC
CONNECTED
DataData
Load controlI am congested
Evolved
Node B
(eNB)
Packet
Scheduling
RRC
CONNECTED
DataData
I need to handover
Measurement Report
Admission
control
Can I handover

– LOAD INFORMATION
– X2 SETUP FAILURE
– RESET REQUEST
X2
Admission
control
Load
control
Packet
Scheduling
Admission
control
Load
control
Packet
Scheduling
– HANDOVER REQUEST

One of the Functions of the X2
Source eNodeB
Target eNodeB
Measurement
Report
Handover
Decision
X2: Handover
Request
X2: Handover
Request Ack
Admission
control
Load
control
L1
MAC
RLC
PDCP
RRC
eNode B

Serving Gateway-User Plane
Serving
Gateway
Packet
Scheduling
S1-U
S5
DATA
SGSN
Packet
Scheduling
MME: Mobility
Management
Entity
S11
X2
RRC
CONNECTED

X2
Serving Gateway
Serving
Gateway
Packet
Scheduling
S1-U
S5
DATA
SGSN
Packet
Scheduling
MME: Mobility
Management
Entity
S11
Measurement Report
– HANDOVER REQUEST
Switch
Path
request

UE
eNodeB
Policy
based
QoS
handling
and IP
packet
mux and
demux
above
bearer
level
Policy
based
QoS
handling
and IP
packet
mux and
demux
above
bearer
level
Data Radio Bearers E-UTRAN Access Bearers
Signaling Radio Bearers
S1
Aggregated IP Flows Aggregated IP Flows
S-GW
… n1
Best Effort
VoIP
Video
StreamingUu
QoS
Flow 1
QoS
Flow 1
QoS
Flow 2
QoS
Flow 2
QoS
Flow 3
QoS
Flow 3
Prio 1-Q
Prio 3-Q
Prio 2-Q
MAC Mux
MAC Scheduler
E-UTRAN Radio Access Bearers (E-RAB)
C-Plane
Signalling
A high priority signaling (message) bearer (SRB2
A low priority signaling (message) bearer (SRB1)
QoS Class
Identifier

PDN Gateway – User Plane
Serving
Gateway
Packet
Scheduling
S1-U
SGSN
Packet
Scheduling
MME: Mobility
Management
Entity
S11
S5
S8
ROAMING
DATA
FLOW
PDN Gateway

X2
Admission
control
Load
control
Packet
Scheduling
Admission
control
Load
control
Packet
Scheduling
Evolved UTRAN (E-UTRAN)
MME
S6a
Serving
Gateway
S1-U
S11
Evolved Packet Core (EPC)
S1-MME
PDN
Gateway
Internet/IMS
PCRF
S7
S5
HSS
MME: Mobility Management Entity
Policy & Charging
Rule Function

LTE is all IP
192.128.10.0
192.128.10.101
Router / Gateway
MME
Serving
Gateway
HSS
Network
10.X.XX.X2
S1
PCI
GCID
VLAN ID
Host address: 192.128.10.1
Mask: 255.255.255.0
Default Gateway: 192.128.10.101
192.128.10.2
192.128.10.4
10.1.1.1
10.1.1.2
10.1.1.4
10.1.1.6

User plane - Bearers
Serving
Gateway
P-
Gateway
S1-U S5LTE-Uu
PDN
End to End Bearer
EPS Bearer External Bearer
Radio Bearer S1 - Bearer S5 - Bearer
E-RAB

Bearers
Serving
Gateway
P-
Gateway
S1-U S5LTE-Uu
Default Bearer
PDN PDN
Default EPS Bearer :
Be established during Attach Process
Allocate IP address to UE
Does not have specifc QoS (only Nominal QoS is applied).
Dedicated Bearer
Dedicated Bearer
Normally be established during the call setup after idle mode.
Have a specific (usually guaranteed) QoS
Dedicated Bearer
Does not allocate any
additional IP address to UE
Is linked to a specified
default EPS bearer
Default Bearer
Dedicated Bearer
Default bearers are created on a per PDN
basis.
Each default bearer comes with an IP
address
Packet
Scheduling
Packet
Scheduling
Packet
Scheduling
Packet
Scheduling

Bearers-QoS Class Identifier
Serving
Gateway
P-
Gateway
S1-U S5LTE-Uu
Default Bearer
PDN
Dedicated Bearer
A packet with higher
priority can be
expected to be
scheduled before a
packet with lower
priority.
Packet
Scheduling
Packet
Scheduling

EPS Connection Management (ECM)
Serving
Gateway
P-
Gateway
S1-U S5LTE-Uu
PDN
End to End Bearer
External BearerS5 - Bearer
In this state, it would be inappropriate to keep all the bearers in place, because
the network would have to re-route them whenever the mobile moved from one
cell to another, even though they would not be carrying any information.
The network tears down a mobile’s S1 bearers and radio bearers whenever the
mobile enters ECM-IDLE
ECM-IDLE
In the EMM-REGISTERED and ECM-IDLE state

Key Points and Wrap Up
 Function of the eNodeB
 Function of the X2
 Function of the Serving Gateway
 Function of the PDN Gateway
 Some of the functions of the
MME

LTE RAN Portfolio
Contact us on training@aircominternational.com

New course available
System Information
Blocks & Parameters
PRACH parameters
Measurement Reports &
parameters
Paging & CS fall-back
PDCCH & Resource
allocation
RRC Signalling &
parameters
Attach Procedure &
parameters
IP Multimedia
Subsystem Overview
KPI’s for LTE
P036: LTE –Troubleshooting & Optimization (Signaling,
Parameters & KPI’s) – 5 Days

In Closing
 Thank you for attending
 Next webinar will be on the 31st October
 Webinars webpage – keep up to date and
register to receive email alerts on new
webinars
http://www.aircominternational.com/Webinars.aspx

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