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The ironic effects of organizational
  responses to negative online
        consumer reviews

                            Peter Kerkhof
                              Sonja Utz
                         Camiel Beukeboom
                     VU University Amsterdam
                  Dept. of Communication Science
      9th International Conference on Research in Advertising
                     ICORIA, June 25/26 2010
                            Madrid, Spain
The rise of social media

• 2003: No Facebook, no Twitter, no Linkedin, no
  Hyves
• 2009:
      • Hyves 10.000.000 members in the Netherlands
      • Facebook: 4000.000.000 members, 600.000 new members,
        60.000.000 use mobile Facebook
      • Linkedin: 53.000.000 members, 1 new member each second
        (86.000 daily)
      • 75.000.000 members on Twitter, 800.000 tweets per hour
Brands in social media

• 19% of all tweets is brand related
• 20% of all brand related tweets is evaluative
  – 55% positive, 33% negative

                                     Source: Jansen et al., 2009
Brands in social media
Brands in social media
Brands in social media
Brands in social media
The effects of consumer generated
              content

 • Productevaluations
 • Sales
 • Brand awareness
 • Reputation
 • Trust
Brands have started to respond

Top 100 Dutch brands (2009):
   - 35 present in social media
   - mainly Twitter & Hyves
Brands have started to respond

 Online reputation management:
   - Monitoring
   - Adding content
   - Starting brand communities
   - Influencing the influencers
   - Responding to online complaint & questions
Brands have started to respond
Brands have started to respond
Brands have started to respond
A new kind of brand communication
•   Interpersonal
•   Computer-mediated
•   Public
•   Shared
•   On consumers’ territory
A new kind of brand communication
•   Customer care
•   Marketing
•   PR
•   Sales
•   Product development
Our research
• Audience effects of responding to online
  complaints
• No response vs. ....
   – Apologies vs. denial
   – Informal (vs. formal) responses
   – Empathic reactions
   – .....
• Source effects
Our research
• Dependent variables
  – Credibility (competence, integrity)
  – Product evaluations
  – Review(er) credibility
  – Communicated customer commitment
  – Conversational human voice
  – Underdog effect
Design

            Complaint

Apologies     Denial      No response


  Formal        Formal


 Informal      Informal
Study 1
• Online experiments
• n = 20 – 25 per cell
• Apologies vs. denial vs.no response
• Dependent variables: evaluation of brand,
  review(er),
• Moderator: prior brand involvement
Study 1
Study 1
Study 1
Results
Results
Results
•   Study 1:
    •   online customer care backfires
         • organizational competence


         reviewer competence
         •


       • severity of complaint


    • especially (but not only)


         •when responsibility is denied
         •among brand involved customers
Study 2: Effects of informal vs.
            formal responses
- 2 (formal vs. informal) x 2 (apologies vs.
  financial compensation) design + control
Results Study 2

•   Cognitive responses
•   Communicated relational commitment
•   Conversational voice
•   Fairness
•   Underdog effect
Positive effects of informal responses

           Cognitive responses (% positive)
   60.0%

   40.0%

   20.0%

    0.0%
Study 3

- Replicates effects of informal reactions
- Moderation by company size
Conclusions


- be careful how to respond to
brand mentions in social media
   - be informal
   - apologize when necessary
- is not responding still an
option?

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Ironic effects of online customer care icoria 2010

  • 1. The ironic effects of organizational responses to negative online consumer reviews Peter Kerkhof Sonja Utz Camiel Beukeboom VU University Amsterdam Dept. of Communication Science 9th International Conference on Research in Advertising ICORIA, June 25/26 2010 Madrid, Spain
  • 2. The rise of social media • 2003: No Facebook, no Twitter, no Linkedin, no Hyves • 2009: • Hyves 10.000.000 members in the Netherlands • Facebook: 4000.000.000 members, 600.000 new members, 60.000.000 use mobile Facebook • Linkedin: 53.000.000 members, 1 new member each second (86.000 daily) • 75.000.000 members on Twitter, 800.000 tweets per hour
  • 3. Brands in social media • 19% of all tweets is brand related • 20% of all brand related tweets is evaluative – 55% positive, 33% negative Source: Jansen et al., 2009
  • 8. The effects of consumer generated content • Productevaluations • Sales • Brand awareness • Reputation • Trust
  • 9. Brands have started to respond Top 100 Dutch brands (2009): - 35 present in social media - mainly Twitter & Hyves
  • 10. Brands have started to respond  Online reputation management: - Monitoring - Adding content - Starting brand communities - Influencing the influencers - Responding to online complaint & questions
  • 11. Brands have started to respond
  • 12. Brands have started to respond
  • 13. Brands have started to respond
  • 14. A new kind of brand communication • Interpersonal • Computer-mediated • Public • Shared • On consumers’ territory
  • 15. A new kind of brand communication • Customer care • Marketing • PR • Sales • Product development
  • 16. Our research • Audience effects of responding to online complaints • No response vs. .... – Apologies vs. denial – Informal (vs. formal) responses – Empathic reactions – ..... • Source effects
  • 17. Our research • Dependent variables – Credibility (competence, integrity) – Product evaluations – Review(er) credibility – Communicated customer commitment – Conversational human voice – Underdog effect
  • 18. Design Complaint Apologies Denial No response Formal Formal Informal Informal
  • 19. Study 1 • Online experiments • n = 20 – 25 per cell • Apologies vs. denial vs.no response • Dependent variables: evaluation of brand, review(er), • Moderator: prior brand involvement
  • 25. Results • Study 1: • online customer care backfires • organizational competence reviewer competence • • severity of complaint • especially (but not only) •when responsibility is denied •among brand involved customers
  • 26. Study 2: Effects of informal vs. formal responses - 2 (formal vs. informal) x 2 (apologies vs. financial compensation) design + control
  • 27. Results Study 2 • Cognitive responses • Communicated relational commitment • Conversational voice • Fairness • Underdog effect
  • 28. Positive effects of informal responses Cognitive responses (% positive) 60.0% 40.0% 20.0% 0.0%
  • 29. Study 3 - Replicates effects of informal reactions - Moderation by company size
  • 30. Conclusions - be careful how to respond to brand mentions in social media - be informal - apologize when necessary - is not responding still an option?