Bangladesh Dairy Industry Analysis

1
A
Global Country Study Report
On
“A STEEPLED Analysis of Dairy Industry of Bangladesh for
Business Opportunities for Gujarat/India”
Submitted to
Institute Code-769
SHRI JAIRAMBHAI PATEL INSTITUTE OF BUSINESS MANAGEMENT & COMPUTER
APPLICATIONS
Under the Guidance of
Prof. (Dr.) Mamta Bharmabhatt
(Associate Professor MBA-SJPI)
In the partial fulfilment of the requirement of the award of the degree of
Master of Business Administration (MBA)
Offered By
Gujarat Technological University-Ahmadabad
Prepared By:
Student Of MBA Sem.-III
Group No: - 4

3
Declaration
We, following students, hereby declare that the Global/ Country Study Report titled “Global Country
Study Report” in Bangladesh is a result of our own work and our indebtedness to other work
publications, references, if any, have been duly acknowledged. If we are found guilty of copying any
other report or published information and showing as my/our original work, or extending plagiarism
limit, we understand that we shall be liable and punishable by GTU, which may include ‘Fail’ in
examination, ‘Repeat study & re- submission of the report’ or any other punishment that GTU may
decide.
Enrollment No. Name Student’s Sign
137690592019 NehaChoudhary
137690592024 KrunalDhanani
137690592073 Chetak Patel
137690592105 Bonnie Shah
137690592116 HardikSorathiya
137690592121 Pratik Vaghasiya
Place: Gandhinagar
Date: 12 / 12 / 2014

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PREFACE
In today’s world of globalization, opportunities are plenty and they keep knocking at your doors all
times. World is becoming very small. The work of success is always open to the dynamic, confident,
and courageous youth. All we need is the positive attitude and forceful personality to break the myth of
bad luck. All over the world the demand for managerial and administrative person has increased. To
survive in this highly competitive market practical knowledge and experience is as important as
theoretical. As a student of M.B.A., we are supposed to have practical knowledge and experience of
business and management.
Due to globalization there has been a rush of multinational companies in India. Keeping these entire
things in mind the M.B.A. courses have introduced practical studies as one of its subjects. In this, the
students are given the opportunity to work in industry and are required to know, how practically the
work is performed. This also teaches the students, how to present themselves in front of different
people, their attitude, and their way of communicating and working in a team.

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
We would take the pleasure of thanking all the people, without their support and help, it would not
have been possible to prepare this project.
We take this opportunity to thank Gujarat Technological University by providing an opportunity to
learn and understand a particular industry in a foreign nation.
We would like to express our sincere thanks to Prof. (Dr.) S. O. Junare (Director Of Technical
Campus ) for his constant support and motivation.
Our Heartily thanks go to our project guide Prof. (Dr.)Mamta Brahmbhatt, without whose guidance
and encouragement the project study wouldn’t have been possible.
Finally, thanks to our beloved family, whose devotion and candid dedication always inspired us and
encourage us to achieve better off.
Date: 12 / 12 / 2014
Place: Gandhinagar.

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INDEX
Content P.N0
1. Introduction
1.1 Executive Summary
1.2 Over View Of Bangladesh
08- 12
2. Industry Overview
2.1 Over View Of Selected Industry In Bangladesh
2.2 Over View Of Selected Industry In Gujarat
2.3 Over View Of Selected Industry In West Bengal
13-25
3. Steepled Analysis
Steepled Analysis of Dairy in Bangladesh
Steepled Analysis of Dairy in West Bengal
Steepled Analysis of Dairy in Gujarat
26-54
4. SWOT Analysis
4.1. Over all Analysis Of Steepled Analysis
55-73
74-93
94-100
5. Conclusion
5.1 Business opportunities in future
5.2 Impact of this Business
101-105
6. Bibliography
106-109

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1.1 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
“The cow is a domestic quadruped animal”.
That’s the first line of the first essay in all Dairy in Bangladesh. The importance of a cow in the
popular psyche cannot be over estimated. Even in matter so national policy the cow ’s importance
is emphasized. How ever despite the intention the policy makers and the business community, the
dairy industry has not developed as rapidly as one would like.
How ever ,unlike poultry, and other sectors dairy has not shown signif icant growth.In fact per
capita consumption of milk which was how in ganups wing in the 90’s has gone down in the
last.While there has been some private sector investment in post harvest storage and processing,
the overall number of head of cattle has not shown significant increases.The growth of the cattle
population as well as private sector investment has been concentrated in the Baghabari, Sirajganj
area.
Dairy industry is one of the best suited sectors for the generation of employment and thus
ameliorating poverty in rural area so Bangladesh providing jobs to the whole family, ie men,
women & children a like.It is a most profitable occupation to part of the bovine is wasted live or
dead.Support to the dairy industry lacks appropriate focus in our PRSP strategy primarily due to
aggressive lobby in importer so subsidized milk powder on the one han dand skewed price
structure of locally market milk by Bangladesh Milk Producers Cooperative Union Limited
(BMPCUL) Milk Vita holding a command in market shared support from the Government.
BMPCUL trade name is Milk Vita.

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1.2 Overview Of Bangladesh
The history of Bangladesh is an eventful combination of four parts of Combination of turmoil and
peace, as well as prosperity and destitution. It has thrived under the glow of cultural splendour and
suffered under the ravages of war. The territory now constituting Bangladesh was under the Muslim
rule for over five and a half centuries from 1201 to 1757 A.D. Then, it was ruled by the British, after
the defeat of the last sovereign ruler of Bengal, Nawab Sirajuddowla, at the Battle of Palashi on the
fateful day of June 23, 175
The British ruled over the entire Indian sub-continent including this territory for nearly 190 years from
1757 to 1947. During that period Bangladesh was a part of the British Indian provinces of Bengal and
Assam. With the termination of the British rule in August, 1947 the sub-continent was partitioned into
India and Pakistan. Bangladesh then became part of Pakistan and was known as East Pakistan. It
remained so for about 24 years from August 14, 1947 to March 25, 1971. It appeared on the world map
as an independent and sovereign state on December 16, 1971 following victory at the War of
Liberation (from March 25 to December 16, 1971).

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Geographic Location
Bangladesh lies in the north eastern part of South Asia between 20o 34' and 26o 38' north latitude and
88o 01' and 92o 41' east longitude. The country is bounded by India on the west, north and northeast
while Myanmar on the south-east and the Bay of Bengal on the south. The area of the country is 56,977
sq. miles or 1, 47,570 sq. Kilometre. The limits of territorial waters of Bangladesh are 12 nautical miles
and the area of the high seas extending to 200 nautical miles measured from the base lines constitutes
the economic zone of the country.
Bangladesh enjoys generally a sub-tropical monsoon climate. While there are six seasons in a year,
three namely, winter, summer and Monsoon are prominent. Winter which is quite pleasant begins in
November and ends in February. In winter there is not usually much fluctuation in temperature which
ranges from minimum of 7oC—13oC (45oF—55oF) to maximum of 24oC—31oC (75oF—85oF). The
maximum temperature recorded in summer months is 37oC (98oF) although in some places this
occasionally rises up to 41oC (105oF) or more. Monsoon starts in July and stays up to October. This
period accounts for 80% of the total rainfall. The average annual rainfall varies from 1429 to 4338
millimetres. The maximum rainfall is recorded in the coastal areas of Chittagong and northern part of
Sylhet district, while the minimum is observed in the western and northern parts of the country.
Population
In the Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics conducted the Fifth decennial population census in the country
on March 15-19, 2011. As per preliminary report the population of the country stood at 142.3 million
in2011. The male population was 71.2 million and female 71.1 million. The inter growth rate of
population 2011 census was 1.3 per annum. This preliminary report is based in the tally sheet and may
increase after processing all the questionnaire and adjusting the under enumeration The density of
population was 843 per sq.km. in 2001which increased to 964 per sq.km. in 2011.
Official Languages
 Official language is Bangla (Bengali).
 English is widely used in Government, Business and Universities.
Education and Culture
The education system of Bangladesh is divided into three levels
(i) Primary (from grades 1 to 8),
(ii) Secondary (from grades 9 to 12),
(iii) Higher education (from grades 11 to 12) and Tertiary.
Besides, there are some private institutions providing English medium education. They offer 'A' level
and 'O' level courses.
In the whole country budget, the highest allocation in the education exposes that Government of
Bangladesh is very much keen for human resources and development through education. Education
System in Bangladesh has also Madrasa system of education which emphasizes on Arabic medium
Islam-based education.

This system is supervised by the Madrasa Board of the country. Bangla is the mother language of
Bangladesh, but to establish Bangla as the mother language,Bangalees has to sacrifice their lives;a
number of People were martyr zed in February 21, 1952 to establish the rights of mother language. In
recognition of their supreme sacrifice, UNESCO declared 21st February as the” International Mother
Language Day” throughout the world.
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National Anthem
The national anthem of the Republic is the first ten lines of "Amar Sonar Bangla".
CONTRIBUTION OF DAIRY, INDUSTRIES AND SERVICE SECTORTO GDP
IN BANGLADESH FROM LATE 1950 TO TILL NOW
Gross domestic product refers to the market value of all officially recognized final goods and services
produced within a country in a given period. GDP per capita is often considered an indicator of a
country’s standard living.
Economy of Bangladesh is composed of three main sectors 1) Dairy, 2) Industry, 3) Service.
Sector Wise GDP change in percentage:
Year Sector Wise GDP Change in percentage
Dairy Industry Service Total
1941-1950 70 4 26 100
1951-1960 62 5 33 100
1961-1970 55 10 35 100
1971-1980 44 11 45 100
1981-1990 32 12 56 100
1991-2000 25 15 60 100
2001- 2011 18 30 52 100
[Source: www.worldbank.org&https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/
fields/2012.html ]

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CHAPTER:- 2
Industry Overview

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2.1 Dairy Industries in Bangladesh
Report Highlights:
Bangladesh dairy consumption is growing, albeit from relatively low precipitate levels. While
local milk production has increased, from 1.78 million metric tons in 2001/02 to 3.46 million
metric tons in2011/12, domestic supplies are still lagging, and as a result Bangladesh is
importing more dairy products. Dairy imports are regulated by the Bangladesh Import Policy
Order 2009-2012.
General Information:
Market Overview
Bangladesh dairy consumption is growing, albeit from relatively low per capita levels (an estimated
44 milliliters of milk per day). When measured against the World Health Organization recommended
minimum level of 250 milliliters a day, Bangladesh dairy consumption should increase five-fold.
While local milk production has increased, from 1.78 million metric tons in 2001/02 to 3.46 million
metric tons in 2011/12, domestic supplies are still lagging, and as a result Bangladesh is importing
more dairy products.
In rural Bangladesh, almost two out of every three households rear cattle to produce milk for personal
consumption. Surplus milk can be sold directly to neighbors or in the local market. The average dairy
farm has 3.5 head of cattle, with very low average yields of 200-250 liters per 305-day lactation.
Low herd yields generally reflect poor management practices and inadequate investment in genetics
and veterinary services. In Bangladesh, dairy farming is generally considered to be a “subsidiary”
profession, as male farmers are often more inclined toward field crop agriculture. Traditionally, the
Bangladesh dairy sector has been dominated by the Doodhwala and Ghosh communities consisting of
small-scale intermediaries who collect fresh milk for processing into ghee, curds, sweets and other
products. In the absence of refrigeration, fresh fluid milk typically represents a very small portion of
the market.
Fresh milk processing and marketing in Bangladesh began in 1952, with the establishment of
Eastern Milk Products Limited, a private company, which sold products under the trade name
of Milk Vita. In
1965, the company’s ownership was transferred to the Eastern Milk Producers' Cooperative
Union Ltd., the first milk cooperative in what was then East Pakistan. After independence,
the cooperative was renamed the Bangladesh Milk Producers Cooperative Union Limited

(BMPCUL), and is best known today by its popular brand name, Milk Vita. Milk Vita is
Bangladesh’s largest dairy, and currently represents almost half of country’s total processed
milk production. Members of the Milk Vita marketing cooperative deliver milk to collection
points, where it is then transported to a chilling plant before processing. Milk Vita members
receive technical training, livestock genetics, veterinary and extension services, and various
other production input.
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Regulations of Milk and Milk product Imports
The relevant sections and sub-sections of Bangladesh Import Policy Order 2009-2012 are
reproduced below for ready reference:
In case of the importation of milk, milk food, milk products, edible oil and other food items
produced in any country, test of radioactivity levels present in those items is mandatory. In
this case, a certificate from a competent authority recognized by the government of the
exporting country is to be submitted to the custom authority with other import documents. In
case of the importation of milk & milk product, a melamine-free certificate from the
competent authority recognized by the exporting country must be submitted to the custom
authority. It is to be noted that testing of radioactivity levels of vegetables and seeds, which
may be used as food directly, is also mandatory.
In case of the importation of food items from any country, the shipping documents must be
accompanied by radioactivity test reports from the concerned authority of the exporting
country indicating the level of CS 137 found in such radioactivity tests in each kilogram of
food items shipped. In addition, a certificate to the effect that the items are fit for human
consumption shall also be required: Provided that, in such cases, collection of representative
samples of such food items from on board ships at the port of loading and dispatch thereof
shall not be necessary.

The following procedure shall be applicable in the matters of radioactivity testing of food
items to be imported from any country, as:
Prior to shipment of the aforesaid item(s), the inspection agents of the supplier or
buyer/consignee shall make necessary arrangement for the test of radioactivity levels for such
items;
 Prior to the arrival of a ship carrying such items at a Bangladeshi port, the buyer or
consignee or his inspection agent shall make necessary arrangements for sending by
courier the certificate regarding radioactivity-test to the concerned Customs
Authority: No goods in which the radioactivity level of which is above the acceptable
limit shall be shipped;
In case of importation of food items that were produced neither in any European
country nor packed/ tinned in or shipped from the third country submission of the
aforesaid certificate about radioactivity-test to the Customs Authority shall not be
required: Provided that, a report on radioactivity testing of importable food items (The
report is to include the level of CS 137 found per kilogram of the item concerned);
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On arrival of a ship carrying the aforesaid items at a Bangladesh Port
The Customs Authority shall collect the required number of samples of the items carried by
the ship in presence of the importer’s representative and the port authority (samples are to be
collected from the port area) or the master of the ship (in case special appraisement is to be
made while the ship is still at the outer anchorage or mooring) and shall properly pack the
samples and attach to it a tag made of hardboard as per perform given by the Bangladesh
Atomic Energy Commission;
The tag so attached shall bear the signatures of all those who were involved in the collection
of the sample i.e. the representative of the customs authority, the importer’s representative
and the representative of port authority and the master of the ship;
After packing and tagging the samples as mentioned above, the Customs Officer concerned
shall send it to the customs samples room;
The Custom officer in charge of the sample room shall keep proper record of the samples and
hand over the same to the Officer/ Staff of Bangladesh Atomic Energy Commission against
appropriate record and signature;
After receipt of the samples in the Laboratory, Bangladesh Atomic Energy Commission shall
within twenty- four hours, send to the Customs Sample Room their report on the result of

examination of the samples: Provided that, in case of collection of samples after office hours
the customs officer concerned shall keep the same in his own custody and hand it over to the
samples room the next day immediately after the opening of office;
The representative of Bangladesh Atomic Energy Commission shall on receipt of
information, collect such sample from the Sample Room on the same morning and shall make
arrangement for sending reports to the Sample Room after proper examination of the
samples;
The representative of Bangladesh Atomic Energy Commission shall collect samples from the
sample room twice a day i.e. once in the morning and again in the afternoon.
If on test of sample(s) of the consignment by the Bangladesh Atomic Energy Commission, it
is found that the consignment contains radioactivity level above the acceptable limit, the
consignment shall not be released and the concerned exporter/supplier shall be bound to take
it back at his own expense.
The testing procedures described at sub-paragraphs (3), (4) and (5) above shall also be
applicable in case of import of milk, milk food, milk products, fish feed, edible oil and other
food items, even when these have been produced in any country and packed/ tinned in or
shipped from another count.
The Customs Authority shall, in the usual course, release the goods, only after getting the
Clearance Certificate(s) from the Bangladesh Atomic Energy Commission certifying that the
radioactivity level found in the imported food-stuff is within the acceptable limit.
These procedures shall not apply to the food items imported or to be imported, for which
separate procedure has been prescribed by the Ministry of Food for testing radioactivity level.
In these cases, the procedure prescribed by Ministry of Food shall be followed.
Acceptable limits of radioactivity for milk powder, milk food and milk products is 95 bq of
CS- 137 per kilogram and that for other food items is 50bq of CS-137 per kilogram. The level
of CS- 137 in an item shall be calculated in the state it reaches the port without being
liquefied, concentrated or processed. In case of local items, the level of CS-137 in an item
shall be calculated in the state it is marketed. The highest acceptable limit of radioactivity
levels may be revised by the government from time to time.
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Milk food: All kinds of milk food products including baby food with fat contents covered
under H.S. Heading 04.02 or 19.01 and all H.S. Code classifiable there under shall be
importable subject to the following conditions, as:
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a. Baby food produced from milk shall be imported in tin containers up to 2.5 kgs only;
b. Milk food with cream shall be imported in the tin containers or bags in box up to 2.5 kg;
c. The Industrial enterprises, which are approved by the packing or caning Sector of Board of
Investment, Bangladesh Small & Cottage Industries Corporation or Director, Institute of
Public Health & Nutrition , shall import milk food with cream or baby food in big airtight
Hermitic Container for packing locally ( retail);
d. The words: “There is no alternative to breast-feeding” shall be printed clearly in relatively
larger letters in Bangla (Bengali language) in a visible space on each tin, airtight package or
bag in box of baby food with cream;
Composition and percentages of various ingredients shall be printed in Bangla on the tin
containers, airtight packages or bag in boxes of milk food;
The date of manufacture and the date of expiry (for human consumption) shall be embossed
or shall be computer printed in permanent ink either in Bangla or in English on each tin
container, airtight package or bag in box of milk food;
The net weight of milk food shall be clearly indicated on each container in Bangla or in
English; apart from this, in case of import of milk and milk product baby food, the
registration number given by the Director, Institute of Public Health & Nutrition (IPHN) shall
be printed on every tin, airtight package or bag in box clearly;
The condition mentioned at clauses (d), (e), (f) and (g) above must be embossed on the tin
container. Separate printed labels shall, in no way, be pasted on the tin container;
Measuring spoon shall be supplied in tin containers of baby food i.e. milk food having fat
contents up to 19 percent.
Import of non-fat dried milk shall be made subject to the following conditions, such as:
Import of non-fat dried milk, packed in bag/ tin, shall be allowed;

The importer shall produce an analysis certificate duly authenticated by the competent
authority of the exporting country and the certificate shall contain a declaration to the effect
that the milk food is fit for human consumption;
The date of manufacture and date of expiry of fitness of the contents for human consumption
shall be printed on each container, tin or bag;
In case of import of milk food products and powder milk, pre-shipment inspections shall be
mandatory for determination of radioactivity level and the goods may be shipped only if in
such test the radioactivity level is found within the acceptable limits approved by the
Government. Such testing reports shall be sent to all concerned authorities as one of the
shipping documents;
On arrival of milk foods and dried milk in the country, the consignment shall be subject to
radioactivity test for the second time before release of the goods and the goods shall be
released only if the radioactivity level is found within the acceptable as well as approved.
The date of manufacture and the date of expiry for import of Food and beverage: For
importation of all kinds of food and beverages, the date of manufacture and the date of expiry
shall clearly be embossed on each tin container or package and printed label shall not be paste
don the tin, container or package separately: Provided that, no food items will be allowed to
import after the expiry date.
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In case of wine/liquor, the dates of expiry need not to be mentioned.
The quantity and description of ingredients and colors used in preserved food must be printed
on pot, container or package and no separate label will be pasted on it. In this case,
embossing is a must.
Date of manufacture and the date of expiry shall have to be written / printed on the
container/package of those raw materials used in preparation of food and beverages that are
to be unusable after certain period of time.
For importation of all food products, (directly consumed/drunk or consumed/drunk a fter
processing) the importer shall require to submit along with other shipping documents a
cautionary certificate from the government of the exporting country or from appropriate
approved agency to the effect that the item is “fit for human consumption”, “that it does not
contain harmful ingredients”, or that “it is free from all kinds of harmful germs.” Such a
certificate shall mention the age group for which the item is eligible for consumption.

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2.2 Overview of selected industry in Gujarat:-
Sector Overview
India contributes to 15% of the global milk production and stands as the largest producer of
milk in the world with a production of 122 MMT in 2011. The largest size of Indian Dairy
Industry is estimated at around USD 60 billion (INR 2,662 billion) with an annual growth
rate of percent in volume terms. The production & demand for a milk is expected to continue
and rise due to various factors including population growth, rise in income & changing life
style.
Milk Map of Gujarat
Gujarat is one of the largest milk producing states in India with the contribution of 7.75%
share in the total milk production of India. The state having 17 Cooperative dairy milk unions
& 25 private dairy plants has a milk collection of 3.45 billion litres with over 30 lakhs milk
producers, affiliated to more than 15,000 Primary Milk Cooperative Societies.
Milk contributes to 22% to the Agricultural GDP of Gujarat and is one of the biggest sectors
for supporting livelihood in the state. As per state census data, out of about 102 lakhs total
household of Gujarat, 42.6 lakhs households are engaged in Dairy and Animal Husbandry
sectors as a primary or secondary source of their income. Though the dairy sector is active in
most of the districts, some of the districts still needs to be brought in the active dairy network.
Dairy Sector - District wise

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Major Milk Production Districts Moderate
Milk Production Districts Potential
"Districts for Dairy Development"
GLPC associations in the Dairy Sector
GLPC is involved in promoting livelihood in the dairy sector by facilitating technical and
financial assistance to the beneficiaries through various Central and State sponsored schemes.
During the year 2011-12, GLPC facilitated in identification and financing of milk animals to
around 30,000 households in the state contributing to an additional production of about 540
lakh litres of milk annually.
Select Success Story
Under Van Bandhu Kalyan Yojana over 14,000 SHG members (primarily tribal) were
identified for dairy farming. Through GLPC facilitation, they were able to purchase improved
breeds of cattle and buffaloes and were linked to respective districts milk unions. The
initiative resulted in the additional milk production of around 84,000 litres per day with an
income generation of around INR 25 lakhs per day. The project exhibited a winning
proposition for all the stakeholders. On one hand, it provided sustainable livelihood
opportunities to more than 14,000 households with an estimated additional income of INR
3,000 per month and on the other hand, it created a dependable procurement source for the
Cooperative Dairies.
Sources : Census report of Directorate for Animal Husbandry, Government of Gujarat

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2.3 Overview Of Dairy Industry In West Bengal :-
The West Bengal Milk Cooperatives play a major role in the dairy development program in
the state of West Bengal. There are a number of primary milk producers cooperative societies
at the village level that, in conjugation, form milk union in the district level. These West
Bengal Milk Cooperative unions carry out several activities, beneficial and necessary for
milk producers' socio-economic development. The West Bengal mil cooperatives procure
process and market milk and milk products and help the milk producers to develop and grow.
All the district cooperative milk producers unions in West Bengal are affiliated to the West
Bengal Milk Federation. It guides and monitors the milk unions to implement the Operation
Flood Project.
The Dairy Cooperative Structure in West Bengal
It's the Animal Resources Development Department (ARDD) of the government of West
Bengal that controls and administers West Bengal milk cooperatives through the State
Cooperative Act. The Minister, ARDD, Government of West Bengal has the complete
control over the functioning of West Bengal Milk Federation.
Government of West Bengal holds 82.5% equity in the milk federation. However, state
government doesn't have any equity in milk unions
Primary Milk Society
The goal of the primary milk societies in West Bengal is to promote the economic interests of
the members. It works towards improving the quality as well as increasing the quantity of the
milk production. It follows the structure of ‘Anand Pattern’ of Gujarat
Following chart will showcase the growth of primary milk societies in West Bengal.
Year
2003-04 2004-05 2005-06
Society Organized 2,570 2,647 2,837
Farmer Members 1,85,959 1,94,750 2,08,473

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Activities of West Bengal Milk Cooperative Unions
The milk cooperatives in West Bengal play a major role in the development of this sector
through their various activities. Following are the activities undertaken by the West Bengal
Milk Cooperative Unions:
 Procure, process and market milk and milk products.
 Provide inputs to producer members.
List of West Bengal Milk Cooperative Unions
There are 14 milk co operative unions in West Bengal, which procure an average of 3.91 llpd
milk from 3,028 societies with 2,26,837 members. Most of the procured milk goes to the
Government dairy plants, Metro Dairy and Mother Dairy.
Name Location
Bardhaman Cooperative Milk Union Burdwan
Bhagirathi Cooperative Milk Union Murshidabad
Coochbehar Cooperative Milk Union Coochbehar
Damodar Cooperative Milk Union Hooghly
Himalaya Cooperative Milk Union Darjeeling
Ichhamati Cooperative Milk Union 24 Parganas (North)
Jalpaiguri Cooperative Milk Union Jalpaiguri
Kangsabati Cooperative Milk Union Bankura
Kishan Cooperative Milk Union Nadia
Kulick Cooperative Milk Union North Dinajpur
Manbhum Cooperative Milk Union Purulia
Mayurakshi Cooperative Milk Union Birbhum
Midnapore Cooperative Milk Union Midnapore
Sunderban Cooperative Milk Union 24 Parganas (South)

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Cooperative Dairying: 2021-22 – Projections
2004-05 2021-22 CAGR (%)
Milk Production (LKGPD) 103.7 157.8 2.5
Milk Procurement (LKGPD) 3.35 25.63 12.7
Milk Procurement
5 27
(% of Marketable Surplus)
Village Coverage (No.) 1746 10767 11.3
- See more at: http://business.mapsofindia.com/milk-co-operatives/
westbengal.html#sthash.tSF4AOfy.dpuf

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CHAPTER:- 3
Steepled Analysis
of
Dairy in Bangladesh

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BANGLADESH
Social Analysis :-
INCOME DISTRIBUTION
Bangladesh is presently fulfilling its milk and dairy products’ demand by importing 67% of
the requirements, spending US$44.52 billion annually. Milk production of the country in
2012-13 was 3.46 million tons against the demand of 12.8 million tons. On an average
consumption demand has beenincreasing9%annually.
Being one of the thrust off- farm agriculture sectors, dairy farms of the country are still facing
hindrances due to lack of policy and patronization from the state. 3.6 million people
households with supplementary income from dairy sector in Bangladesh.
Ninety percent dairy farms are constituted by 1-3 cows, 6% constituted by 3-10 cows and
only 4% farms have more than 10 cows. The dairy system in Bangladesh is characterized by
small-scale operations, coupled with crops and other off- farm activities. Several government,
non-government and private sector initiatives have made progress in transforming dairy into a
more value-driven and market-oriented sector.
Milk production in Bangladesh annually grew by 6.2% on an average by an increasing
number of cross-bred dairy cows, more institutional investment in dairy, rising market
demand for processed dairy products and the implementation of other similar dairy
development programs.
DEMOGRAPHIC POPULATION GROWTH RATES AGE
DISTRIBUTION :-
The 2010 UN global population projections show for the first time the Bangladesh population peaking
below 200 million. The maximum of 194 million (19.4 Crore) will be reached in 2050 then fall to 155
m by 2100. This will occur even with the total fertility rate (TFR) falling to 1.58 children per woman
by mid century then rising slowly to 1.9 by 2100.
In order to achieve population stability by mid century the fertility decline must continue for the next
four decades until the national TFR, currently at 2.3, levels off at around 1.6. This is lower than the
current fertility target of 1.8 in the National Strategic Plan

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Geographic differences in fertility:
The east-west fertility divide persists, with Chittagong and Sylhet well above the national
average of 2.3, and Khulna, Rajshahi and Rangpur below the average (Figure 1).
•Dhaka and Chittagong divisions combined account for half the Bangladesh population, so
their fertility levels have a large impact on the national TFR (Figure 2)
•There have been encouragingly large fertility declines recently in Chittagong, Sylhet and
Dhaka. The Family Planning (FP) Program needs to continue focusing on these three
divisions to ensure that the declines continue.
•The different population sizes across divisions means that a TFR reduction of 0.2 children in
Dhaka has an impact on the national TFR equivalent to a decline by a full child in Sylhet.
•Birth Intervals: Fertility has declined mostly among women older than 30 years, reflected in
longer birth intervals due to use of FP. While birth intervals have increased over the last 2
decades by two years (from 3 to 5 years) among women in the 30s, and one year (from 3 to
almost 4 years) among women in the 20s, there has been no increase in birth intervals among
teenagers (Figure 3). The proportion of teenagers who begin childbearing (pregnant or
mother) by age 20 remains high at 30 percent and is only declining very slowly. This teenage
cohort is where major future FP efforts must be directed along with interventions to raise age
at marriage
Labour And Social Mobility
The garment and textile industry provides Bangladesh with much needed jobs and export
earnings as foreign manufacturers have rushed to the impoverished South Asian nation to
take advantage of cheap labor, low production costs and a huge eager workforce.
In recent years, however, the sub-standard, even dangerous, work conditions and low pay
found in Bangladeshi garment factories have come under severe criticism from voices both
within Bangladesh and in the west.
Bangladesh is home to more than 5,600 garment factories, making it the world’s second
largest apparel manufacturer behind only China. About 60 percent of clothes made in
Bangladesh end up in European markets – on the whole, apparel exports generates at least
$20 billion in annual revenues and is the largest source of foreign exchange earnings.
Without textiles, Bangladesh, already burdened by immense poverty, would see its economy
collapse. As such, give the dire need for such jobs, for years, many western companies and
Bangladeshi businessmen have conspired to cut costs by keeping wages depressed and safety
almost non-existent.

28
Lifestyle Changes
The world is set for a decade- long boom in milk consumption, with demand for Liquid Dairy
Products (LDP) set to surge by around 30% from 2010 to 2020, driven by economic growth,
Urban is action and the rising purchasing power of Asia’s middle class, according to research
by Tetra Pak.
The research also forecasts that by 2014 packaged milk will outsell “loose” milk in the
developing world for the first time, as economic growth and city living spur demand for
healthy and convenient products. This shift is expected to mark a turning point in white milk
consumption for millions from Delhi to Dhaka.
Global demand for all forms of LDP will grow from some 270 billion litres in 2010 to
around350 billion litres by 2020, according to the Tetra Pak research, which represents one of the
world’s most comprehensive liquid dairy forecasts.
Work Career & Leisure Attitude :-
Diversity issues, which include employee concerns about relationships with co-workers, need
to be understood. According to Sonnenschein (1997:14) the general issues workers most
commonly mentioned in focus groups and questionnaires pertain to how people relate with
each other in the workplace, which include;
 Respect – understanding respect and respecting each other;
 Misunderstandings because of style differences;
 Lack of understanding of religious beliefs and their effects on the workplace;
 Not enough information on cultural backgrounds and differences;
 Too many cliques;
 Offensive jokes;
 No safe haven to discuss diversity issues;
 Too much emphasis placed on diversity; and
 Not enough emphasis placed on diversity.

29
Entreneunial spirit :-
The challenge here is that while high growth may be relatively easy to define, it is extremely
hard to achieve. Fewer than 5% of US businesses achieved high growth rates in the early
years of this decade, for example, and although a great deal of academic and practical work
has been done to analyze how successful innovation actually occurs, there is no simple
formula and no foolproof method to replicate it. Moreover, ‘innovation ’now encompasses
Both conventional concepts of R&D, and the less tangible and more informal approaches to
developing new ideas that can lead to some of the most profitable ideas and ways of working.
The new product development now being done by Rhodia, one of our case studies in this
section, shows both aspects of the innovation process coming together to generate real growth
and competitive advantage.
Rhodia is a major international business as well as an innovative one, but in some ways
this makes it an exception: small dynamic enterprises are often much better than large
corporations when it comes to innovation.
Education
A new breed, especially highly productive breeds, need very precise management for
optimum output. They also need a nutritionally complete food. Thus with the creation and
dissemination of a new breed of bovine farmers also have to be educated on the care and
management of the animals. A private-public joint effort to educate farmers on nutrition and
management is essential to break out of the vicious cycle of poor
feed and poor output.
Living Condition
Developments of Milk Production in Bangladesh From 1996 to 2002 milk production in
Bangladesh increased by merely 3 percent. O ver 62 percent of the country’s milk is goat milk
whereas cattle contribute 36 percent. Buffalo contribute about 1 percent to national milk
production, comparable to the contribution made by sheep (under ‘others’ in the graph).
Regional Shares of Bangladesh Milk Production Nearly half of the milk in Bangladesh is
produced on the northern region, where Sirajganj district is located. Good availability of
fodder and multiple dairy development programs are main reasons for the higher share of
milk production from this area.

30
Development of Milk Yields
Bangladesh has seen a slight improvement in milk yields in the period 1996 to 2002. The
majority of animals, which are local cattle breeds, increased milk yield by around 5 percent,
while milk yield of crossbred cows and buffaloes increased by 4 to 8 percent.
Development of the Numbers of ‘Live Animals’
Between 1996 and 2002, the number of bovines in Bangladesh has increased by no more than
1 percent. The buffalo population increased by about 4 percent in this period, while the
number of cattle increased by less than 1 percent. The main reasons for the stronger increase
in buffaloes are the establishment of the Rampal Artificial Insemination Centre in Bagarhat
Districtand a loan program for buffalo rearing
.

31
Technological Analysis :-
Goverment Research Spending :-
Prior to 1970 there was no organised dairying in Bangladesh. Acute scarcity of milk
following independence from Pakistan in 1971 prompted the Government to plan a dairy
project modelled on the world-renowned Indian Anand pattern dairy cooperative. Set up with
support from FAO, UNDP and DANIDA, the Bangladesh Milk Producers’ Cooperative
Union Limited (Milk Vita) today collects milk from over 150,000 smallholder milk producers
through a network of 1,200 village cooperatives. Milk Vita almost collapsed in the early
1980s because it could not compete with imported subsidized milk powder, donated and
commercial, mainly from the European Union. By the early 1990s the business had been
turned around when Government withdrew from day-to day management and allowed Milk
Vita to recruit professional managers. At the same time milk powder stocks around the world
started to drop as western Governments began to withdraw subsidies to their dairy farmers
and exporters. A number of private sector investors and NGOs copied parts of the Milk Vita
model and by 2005, there were 20 or so dairy enterprises, including three large companies
producing sweetened condensed milk from imported skimmed milk powder and vegetable
oil. Milk Vita recently invested more than USD 10 million in an expansion programme,
which is facing teething problems related mainly to inappropriate equipment selection.
FAO and UNDP also provided support to set up a vocational Dairy Training Centre to
support the dairy expansion programme and to prepare an updated National Livestock Policy
(NLP) in 2006. The National Strategy for Accelerated Poverty Reduction (NSAPR),
published in October 2005, sets out ways and means for achieving the Millennium
Development Goals (MDG) of halving poverty and under-nutrition by 2015. It indicates that
while the livestock sector as a whole grew 2.6 percent per annum since the 1970s, poultry and
milk production grew at around 10 percent per annum, reflecting the significant support for
the two sectors. Not surprisingly both the NLP and NSAPR single out smallholder dairying
for early adoption and replication. While milk production by smallholders is now generally
recognised in Government development strategy, the absence of a comprehensive national
dairy programme is thought by dairy sector insiders to have limited growth.

32
Industry Focused On Technological Affect :-
Participants along the dairy chain often have conflicting interests and objectives.
Consequently, the planning process needs to be supported by considerable knowledge about
stakeholder concerns as well as a broad understanding of available tools and their ability to
achieve policy objectives.
An assessment of stakeholder priorities generates a series of policy objectives. These are
specific statements detailing the desired accomplishments or outcomes of a development
plan. Whereas the goal of a dairy development plan might be to “contribute to national
economic development by commercially, qualitatively and competitively developing the
dairy sector for employment generation and poverty reduction with the participation of
government, cooperatives and private sector” (Nepal, 2007), the development objectives
would be more specific.
Specific examples of development objectives for the dairy sector could include: i) a reduction
of imports; ii) increasing on-farm productivity and ensuring food safety; iii) enhancing
nutritional status of children through milk consumption; iv) raising on- farm incomes; v)
reducing post-harvest losses; and vi) ensuring fair prices for quality milk products. The
effectiveness of plans that incorporate these types of objectives, assuming the availability of
well-designed baseline studies, can be measured. This contrasts to more vaguely worded goal
statements, such as enhanced food security, sustainable development, poverty alleviation, etc.
The key distinction: the goal is a statement of intent and an objective describes an achievable
and quantifiable target or deliverable. Good objectives should:
 be impact-oriented, measurable, time-defined, specific and practical;
 relate to the expectations and requirements of all major stakeholders;
 cover a balanced variety of expectations – economic, social, cultural and
environmental.
When assessing the objectives to be achieved through a dairy plan, the menu of options for
implementation or the policy tools/measures need to be considered. In most developed
countries, the policy objectives of very complex programmes and plans are quite simple: to
support milk producer prices and/or incomes. The mechanisms for achieving these objectives,
however, can be extremely diverse, with the selection of policy measures having i)
differential impacts on the many stakeholders along a chain; and ii) cost implications,
particularly as consumers and the government typically finance these interventions.

33
New Invention And Devlopment :
The demand for milk and other liquid dairy products is expected to increase by around 30%
from 2010 to 2020, meeting the demands of a growing population. Tetra Pak is committed to
increase local milk production in developing countries by working together with small holder
farmers and processors.
In 2008, the world faced a food crisis paradox. On the one hand, a limited supply of milk
powder on global markets pressuring dairy processors and causing prices to double. On the
other, substantial quantities of milk being produced by smallholder farmers in developing
countries, but production was scattered and quality was mixed.
Rate Of Technology Transfer :-
Milk production in Bangladesh is reported to have increased from 14.9 thousand tonnes in the
year 1993–94 to 16.2 thousand tonnes in the year 1997–98 (Ahmed 2000). This increase was
due to recent government policy and to NGOs involvement (e.g. subsidies to establish small
dairy farms, soft fund loans from the government as well as NGOs and improved veterinary
health care) in dairy development activities. The same report also indicated that milk, milk
products and meat from cattle contribute 58% of total available animal protein followed by
28% from poultry meat and eggs, 8% from goats, 5% from edible meat offal and 5% from
sheep and buffalo.
Estimated total milk production (based on the average milk production of local and crossbred
milking cows), demand and deficit in the country are shown in Figure 2 (Ahmed 2000). Data
indicate that there is a shortfall between production and demand for milk in Bangladesh.

34
Source: Ahmed (2000)
Figure 2. Production, demand and deficit of milk in Bangladesh.
Compared with the number of dairy cows in the country the estimated total milk production
is low due to low milk yields and feed constraints. Per capita need was assumed to be 250 ml
of milk/day but availability of milk is only 32.6 ml/day. However, one should be careful
when using the term ‘demand’ for milk because total requirement does not represent the
market demand for milk. Ahmed (2000) suggested that for the development of demand, the
market segment must have the willingness and economic ability to buy the product. In this
sense, the demand for milk will be lower than the estimated amount (11.04 millionstonnes) as
the majority of people do not have adequate buying ability. Nevertheless, the gap between
availability and demand is very pronounced because of the low levels of milk yields and the
increasing human population. This indicates a strong need for increased milk production in
the country through an appropriate breeding programme and optimum utilisation of local feed
resources.

35
Life Cycle & Speed Of Technological Obsolesence :-
A cow typically remains in the dairy herd until about 5 years of age, although many cows are
capable of remaining productive in the herd for 12 to 15 years. Following birth, the calf is
usually removed from her dam after only a few hours. The newborn calf is fed milk or milk
replacer until weaning at 6 to 8 weeks of age. The calf will then be raised until it reaches
appropriate breeding weight at about 15 months of age. Heifers are then maintained and
continue to grow through their gestation. They usually calve, or give birth, at about 24
months of age. However, they do not reach mature size until at least 4 years of age.
Normally cows begin to produce milk only after calving, but some heifers may be milked
early to reduce stress and udder edema. Each period of production or lactation lasts for 12 to
14 months or longer and spans the time period from calving to dry-off, which is when
milking is terminated about 60 days before the next anticipated calving. Thus, cows are bred
while they are producing milk, usually beginning at about 60 days after calving to maintain a
yearly calving schedule. Indeed, dairy producers attempt to get cows bred precisely during

36
the time they are producing the most milk, which has negative implications for cow fertility.
Following the 2-month dry period, the cow calves again and lactation cycle begins anew.
Cows average about 2.5 lactations, although many remain productive considerably longer.
Cows tend to survive longer in less-intensive pasture systems than when on concrete all of
the time. The leading reasons cows leave the dairy herd are low production, infertility,
mastitis (inflammation of the udder), and lameness.
Energy Cost And Used :-
Opportunities, Challenges & Strategies for Renewable Energy Potential in the Dairy Industry
Dairy Process & Thermal Energy
•Low temperature processes <80oC–Pasteurization–Washing
and Cleaning–CIP (Cleaning- in-place)•Medium temperature processes 100
-250 C–Bottles sterilization, Ultra High Temperature treatment–Multiple stage evaporation–
Spray drying•Chilled water for cooling and cold storage .
Change In It:-
Most dairying models are based on the needs of small-holders because they play a key role in
both the formal and informal dairy markets of Bangladesh (Haque, 2009).Of 25.3 million
households, 15 million (60%) are small-holders (Ser-Od e t a 2008). They supply 100% of
the domestic milk for the informal market and 75% for the formal or organized market
(Haque,2009).
Traditional informal dairy market models
The traditional dairying model (Figure 4) is characterized by high variability in milk price,
low milk quality, poor market access, and poor access to veterinary services and extension as
well as to artificial insemination services. In the traditional milk market model, smallholder
milk producers sell their milk directly to spot markets, Gosh(middlemen), sweetmeat shops,
tea stalls, consumers or neighbours without written contracts. Usually, in this kind of market,
a very small volume of milk (less than 100litres per day) is traded (Staal, 2006). Farmers in
there mote areas obtain approximately 60% lower prices than urban farmers. Middlemen may
provide loans to small-holders in some areas, at interest rates of up to 20% per month (Haque,
2009), and in some cases middlemen will pay the smallholders in advance
Change In Mobile Technology :-
It is evident, from the research, that mobile technologies offer increased opportunities by
providing more choice in when, where, and how teachers teach and how pupils learn (for
example see Naismith et al., 2004). Technology-enhanced teacher-professional development
on mobile phones in emerging economies, like Bangladesh, is promising field whose
applications are context specific and largely absent from the literature. Unlike many other
funded development projects specific to mobile phones and often driven on making the

various technologies work to ensure learning happens and satisfies funding conditions in the
present (SAIDE, 2008), EIA—a 9-year project—intentionally addresses issues of scale,
embedding and quality for the present and future across rural and urban contexts. Largely,
research on mobile technologies in emerging economies generally focuses only on the use
of mobile phones and/or internet-based interventions. This research tends to provide
anecdotal, rather than qualitative evidence of the technologies impact on teaching and
learning (see SAIDE (2008) for examples from South Africa &ADB (2010) for examples
from Asia & South East Asia). EIA is different as its mobile resources are primarily audio
files designed to assist both teachers and pupils in acquiring English on low cost mobile
phones in its second and third phases. In what follows, the paper describes current technology
based initiatives in Bangladesh. Then It presents EIA’s model of ICT-enhanced teacher
professional development; an initial mobile technologies kit pilot, resulting critical issues and
how we are currently addressing those issues. We also illustrate how EIA’s use of mobile
technologies presented new opportunities for teachers and pupils to use communicative
English.
37
Mobile technologies and development in Bangladesh
Currently there are a number of relevant initiatives, studies and research where ICT and
mobile technologies are being leveraged to improve people’s lives and their acquisition of
English in Bangladesh. These include large-scale government initiatives as well as innovative
community based efforts

38
ECONOMIC ANALYSIS :-
ECONOMIC GROWTH : -
Energy security is a fundamental need for development of Bangladesh for eliminating
poverty, ensuring the quality of life of its people and enhancing economic growth. Although
Bangladesh has not received expected support from the international community, the country
has thus been taking actions to the extent possible with its own limited resources to address
the problems of climate change. The country has demonstrated exemplary commitment to
managing climate change impacts and is also committed to following a low carbon
development path provided its economic growth and poverty reduction goals and prospects
are not compromised and adequate financial and technological support is available from the
international community. In the international arena, Bangladesh actively participates in global
climate change negotiations and is a leading voice also on behalf of LDCs and other climate
vulnerable countries.
INTEREST RATE & MONETARY POLICY : -
The country has posted an average annual GDP growth rate of about 4.8% in the 1990s which
improved to over 5% on average during 2000-2008 and to over 6% during the past few years.
In
spite of frequent natural disasters, particularly the mega cyclones Sid and Aila in 2007 and
2009
respectively, which have wrought losses and damages to the tune of billions of dollars, the
country has shown a tremendous resilience and, through focused policy interventions,
particularly
in agriculture and other sectors, and in rural and industrial sectors, the GDP growth could be
maintained at as high a rate as over 6% in recent years, in fact attaining 6.7% in FY 2011.
Average tariff rate imposed by developed countries on agricultural, textile and clothing from
Bangladesh was 12% in 2005 and 15.3% in 2009. The Total debt service as a percentage of
export of goods and services was 5.7% in 2010. The international community needs to
facilitate Bangladesh’s exports by allowing duty free imports of all items from Bangladesh, a
least developed country, so that its foreign exchange earnings and debt servicing ratio can
improve.
GOVERNMENT SPENDING : -
The government has already invested US $ 10 billion over the last 3 decades to make the
country’s climate resilient and less vulnerable to disasters. Recently the government has
created a US $ 300 million Bangladesh Climate Change Trust Fund (BCCTF) with its own
resources and is going ahead with adaptation activities by GOs and NGOs. Another Fund,
namely Bangladesh Climate Change Resilience Fund (BCCRF) has been established by the

government with contributions from development partners. So far US$125 million has been
received in BCCRF ,and another US$113 million has been pledged. Managed by a committee
headed by the Minister of Environment and Forest, Government of the People’s Republic of
Bangladesh, the fiduciary responsibility is performed by the World Bank. Projects have
started to be implemented with allocations from this Fund.
39
UNEMPLOYMENT POLICIES : -
The new job creation in the rural sectors remains short of the number of people joining the
labour force annually so that there is high rural unemployment, particularly
underemployment.
This is one reason of rural-urban migration, in addition to natural disasters-related reasons.
The government focuses on the strengthening of the rural economy, which has already started
paying dividends in terms of both increased employment and production and increased wage
rates in rural areas.
Bangladesh’s current demographic reality consists of a high proportion of people in the
working age group. Also, more women are now entering the job market than before.

40
TAXATION : -
A more rational and balanced growth of rural areas and urban centres is emphasized in order
to address to the issues to remove regional disparities, uneven regional growth and
concentration of wealth and income. Reforms will be made on property tax, based on income
level, to augment the governments’ revenue earnings and other steps will be taken to check
the spiralling cost of property and make housing affordable for the poor.
The government has taken some measures to bring down the inflation. It has followed a
contractionary monetary policy and has sought to curb some non-essential imports and
increased taxes on luxury goods like cars and others. This together with bumper harvest of
crops has helped
in checking the inflation. In May 2012, the trend seems to be reversing as inflation has come
down to a single digit. The challenge will be maintain the lower trend `.The Government is
committed to ensuring better health care and enhancing social welfare of women. It is further
committed not only to enrol but also retain more girls in schools in future ,reduce tax burden
on women and encourage the banks to provide more loans to women for entrepreneurship
development.
EXCHANGE RATES : -
Agriculture including crop cultivation, livestock and poultry rearing and fishery, despite its
relative decline in terms of contribution to GDP, remains the mainstay of the economy of
Bangladesh.
Forestry is also a part of agriculture but is addressed separately due to its major
interface with other environmental issues including climate change. Agriculture provides
employment to just under one-half of the local labour force, supplies raw materials to some of
the major agro-processing industries and earns foreign exchange from its exports. For many
years, readymade garments (RMG) exports have been accounting for nearly two-thirds of
total annual export earnings. The remittances substantially contribute to the enhancement of
the foreign exchange reserve and also support imports as well as economic activities in rural
areas. In the recent years, Bangladesh has been receiving annually US$ 12 billion or more
inremittances from expatriate Bangladeshi workers. The foreign currency reserve of the
country is over US$ 10 billion as of first quarter of 2012.
INFLATION RATES : -
There has been a depreciation of the Taka against the US Dollar, which inflated the cost of
imported goods. The economy has been facing a double-digit inflation for a year. Yet and
despitea global financial meltdown and recession, the Bangladesh economy performed well
in the last fiscal year, registering a 6.7% growth in GDP and 41% growth in its exports,
compared to there cession in most of the developed world. The GDP growth is attributed to
growth in agriculture, industries and service sectors and accumulation of capital and increase

in effective labour (total factor productivity-TFP growth). The future challenge is to sustain
the increasing trend in growth in the face of domestic and external shocks.
41
STAGE OF BUSINESS CYCLE : -
In order to offset the risks threatening global prosperity and political and economic stability,
the World Economic Forum (WEF) has highlighted that the response to the resource
constraints should be made through action towards global green growth. The WEF has
emphasized that increasing demand for food, water, energy and other products are met by
green production processes and businesses. The WEF contends that this will entail scaling up
of green industries, creation more green jobs, and driving down the cost of technologies
through more competition.
It is expected that modernization will create paperless offices in the near future and reduce
cost of doing business. It will also bring about transparency in administration and record
keeping.
Already many offices have started e-tendering to facilitate fair participation and outcome.
This process will be extended.
CONSUMER CONFIDENCE : -
The stock market went through some free falls, which have some destabilizing effects on the
financial market and the lives of the people who invest, particularly the small investors, in the
stock market as well. This has several the confidence of the investors in the stock market. The
government has lately carried out some reforms in the banking sector and stock exchange in
order to bring stability. It remains to be seen how effective the reforms are over medium and
long run. The recent opening of nine new banks is based on the argument that the expanding
economy will be better served with the addition of the new banks. It remains to be seen how
things shape up.
All leveals :-
Bangladesh’s current governance situation is deeply rooted in its recent history and political
situation. The country gained its independence from Pakistan

42
ENVIRONMENTAL ANALYSIS :-
NATURAL RESOURCES: -
Though small in size, Bangladesh can boast of a unique stock of floral and faunal biodiversity.
According to IUCN, the country has 895 varieties of vertebrates of which 13 species are 201 are
under threat; 702 marine and migratory vertebrates of which 18 species are under threat; 265 fresh
water fish and 24 prawn inland species of which 54 are threatened and 12 are critically endangered;
475 marine fish and 38 salt water shrimp species of which 4 are under threat. The IUCN Red Book
lists the species under threat and those which are critically endangered.
Bangladesh had over 12,000 varieties of rice. The number has dwindled over the last 50 years to
about 5,000. The International Rice Research Institute has recovered 28 species of lost
Bangladeshi rice. There are over 5,000 plus terrestrial trees and plants and
400-500 aquatic plants. The Bangladesh Agriculture Research Council (BARC) reported in 2001
That 106 species of vascular plants were threatened species, in addition to severe depletion of
Other agricultural species.
Local birds account for 400 plus species and 201 species are migratory. The birds, specially the
Migratory ones are subject to poaching and indiscriminate hunting though there are laws to
Prevent such action. Poverty is the main reason for violation of this law and lack of awareness
Also contributes to it and it is compounded by lack of resources to prevent the enforcement of the
Laws in this regard.
Forests in Bangladesh are home to many species of indigenous tress, plants, insects, birds and
animals, some of them are rare. Almost 80% of terrestrial biodiversity finds refuge in forests.
GLOBAL WARMING : -
Health experts around the world warn that with rise in temperature, due to global warming, the
Vector-borne diseases will increase. Therefore, climate change poses a big health risk for the
population. Although it is too early to predict the nature and extent of increase in infectious
Diseases, experts believe that malaria, kalajar, influenza, various skin diseases, and other new or
emerging diseases may affect the health of the population, bringing immense sufferings and
increasing the economic burden of health cost. More emphasis on research and research- based
adaptation programming and action should be in place.
It is recognized that like water and air, the forest acts as a sustaining source of life by regulating
the water in the air and helping to create rains and fresh water catchments. In the context of
Climate change, it is the most important function is to act as a carbon sink. To counter the effects
Of global warming, creating forests is a very good option as they temper climate change by
reducing the temperature, absorbing carbon dioxide, capturing water and causing precipitation.
However, in a small country like Bangladesh with high population density and majority of the
Population living on less than PPP US $ 2 a day, protecting and regenerating forests will not work
Unless strong incentives and alternative livelihoods are provided to communities to protect them.

43
WASTE DISPOSAL: -
The result of exodus from rural areas to major urban centres, in particular in
Dhaka, has overstressed the volume of old water supply and affected the sanitation systems in the
Cities. Municipal waste disposal is a constant challenge as the population keeps increasing and
immediate measures should b taken to dispose waste.
During the last decade, a section of the private sector has taken up programmes for door to door
Waste collection and disposal from centralized points. Advocacy and awareness raising on the
value of waste as a recyclable resource and successful piloting by private sector bodies/NGOs
have succeeded to motivate people to a large scale in the activities of non-formal waste.
The Government struggles to provide safe drinking water. Supplies from deep tube wells are
considered safe while water treated from the river is not. People in urban areas take boiled water
to avoid diarrhoeal diseases thus adding to energy consumption. In the rural areas, people take
water from tube wells.

44
CARBON FOOD PRINT: -
Recent study made under the MoEF on Investment & Financial Flows (IFF) in the energy sector
for addressing climate change shows that Bangladesh will require an investment of US $ 26.6
billion, in the coming years up to 2030, to cut carbon emissions in such sector as coal production,
generation of electricity from coal and gas, installation and upgrading of transmission and
distribution systems, transport, brick kilns and industries that use boilers and motors.
The IFF study predicts that the demand for domestic coal will rise as the government aims to
generate electricity from coal since gas supplies are not adequate to meet electricity demand from
gas-based electricity and increased use of coal by the brick kilns. However, in order to reduce
emissions from coal-based fixed chimney brick kiln, the study recommends use of Hybrid
Hoffman Kiln (HKK) which cuts emissions down by 50%. With increase in the use of coal, the
carbon emissions may increase by up to 32% by 2030 from the current level of 17 %. On the
62other hand, emissions will drop from current level of 62% to 53% by 2030 in case of natural gas
as its use is likely to expand.
SUSTAINABLE ENERGY: -
The world’s most densely populated country ( except for few tiny city states), Bangladesh has
been experiencing degradation of the natural environment for decades in terms of deforestation,
river erosion soil quality depletion, water and air pollution, poor solid waste disposal, pollution
from chemical fertilizer and pesticides, biodiversity loss and urban congestion. On top of all
these, more recently climate change impacts consequent upon more frequent and devastating
extreme climatic events and vagaries of nature caused by global warming are playing havoc both
to natural and human systems.
The government and the civil society and other actors in Bangladesh are becoming increasingly
aware of the looming environmental rise due to the growing intense climate change and an even
otherwise degradation of environment, particularly since the 1992 Rio Earth Summit.
Environment being one of the three pillars of sustainable development along with social and
economic pillars, must achieve appropriate attention in relation to environmental protection and
response to the climate change.
THREATS FROM NATURAL CAUSES: -
Bangladesh is mostly a flat land with hills in the Chittagong Hill Tracts in the Southeast ,Moinamoti
in the Comilla, Barind and Garo Tracts in the upper reaches and hills in Sylhet. The seplaces have
extremely rich pools of biodiversity and also are identified as “biodiversity hot spots”in terms of
threats to biodiversity. Therefore the hill areas and hill forests need to be protected to ensure
ecological and biodiversity security. This challenge needs to be addressed more resolutely in future,
and the government is aware of this urgency.

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INFRASTRUCTURE : -
Demolition of hills is a key retardant in the growth of sustainable land and environment in
Bangladesh. Development of infrastructure, housing and brickfields in hilly areas cause immense
damage. Loss of hills and wood extraction has already taken a severe toll on the biodiversity of the
country. Environmental laws exist for the protection of hills, but since land management is under the
ambit of the Land Ministry and there are deficits in coordination between two ministries, the
implementation of laws becomes difficult.
Increased coordination is highly desirable and shared act to bring about the much needed co-ordination.
These call for large scale investments in technological innovation or adaptation in water
management, infrastructure development, cropping system and varietal improvement and
development, modelling of climate change and its impact (natural as well as socio-economic) and will
affect.

46
POLITICAL ANALYSIS :-
Recent livestock development activities of the Bangladeshi Government’s DLS have
attracted the attention of development partners, international organisations and NGOs.
The livestock subsector has emerged as an important source of gainful employment
and income for the vast majority of the rural poor for their poverty alleviation.
Important features of government policies towards the livestock subsector include (i)
the non- involvement of the government in production, processing and marketing
activities, (ii) support of the private sector and NGOs in dairy development activities
through research, extension, training, credit and the development of appropriate
infrastructure, (iii) reduction of import tariffs on equipment, animals, raw materials
and other inputs, and (iv) reduction and eventual elimination of subsidies on inputs,
including veterinary drugs, vaccines and AI services.
The government has been providing subsidies for mini dairy farms since 1993. This
policy resulted in an increase in milk production from 1.49 million tonnes in 1993–94
to 1.62 million tonnes in 1997–98 indicating a growth rate of 9%. In contrast, the
annual growth rate was only 1.26% during the period prior to this policy (from 1987
to 1994). Due to increasing domestic milk production importation of milk decreased
from taka 450 million in 1989–90 to taka 146 million in 1995 (Ahmed 2000). There
were only 2490 dairy farms in 1990–91 but this number increased to 29.6 thousand by
1997–98 (DLS 2000).
The government policy influence laws that regulate or tax are strongly affected the
business in Bangladesh. The government here is the very powerful agent for
establishing the rules and regulation. For that reason the company’s business are
affected. The milk vita company is also fall in this region.
The government's position on marketing ethics is very influential in Bangladesh.
Government have no such kind of marketing rules about the advertising and
marketing activities. The company can create any kind of advertisement and can
circulate it rather than only the political issue. The government's policy on the
economy is only in the boundary of the government issue. The company is running in
the independent way. Government only ask for the tax and the others cha rges. The
government also try to provide the infrastructural facilities for developing and rapidly

47
Legal Analysis :-
Environmental regulation
Environmental degradation and depletion of natural resources are often observed in
Bangladesh due to poverty, over-population and lack of awareness on the subject. It is
manifested by deforestation, destruction of wetlands, depletion of soil nutrients, etc.
Natural calamities like floods, cyclones and tidal-bores also result in severe socio-economic
andenvironmentaldamage.
Waterborne diseases such as cholera are a serious threat to public health in
Bangladesh. Until the 1970s, many of Bangladesh's people became sick from drinking
polluted water drawn from surface rivers. Aid agencies such as the United Nations
Children's Fund (UNICEF) built shallow wells throughout the country to help provide
a safe source of drinking water to Bangladesh's poor.
In the 1990s, however, it was discovered that many of these wells were contaminated
by arsenic, a poison that occurs naturally in Bangladesh's alluvial soils. The World
Bank estimates that 25 percent of the country's 4 million wells may be contaminated
by arsenic. In 1998 the World Bank granted Bangladesh a $32.4 million credit to
identify contaminated wells and develop alternative sources of safe drinking water.
In recent years, the government has taken some important steps towards protection of
the environment, environmentally sound use of natural resources and pollution
control, Adoption of National Environment Policy and formulation of National
Conservation Strategy and the National Environment Management Action Plan are
some of the measures undertaken by the government to integrated..
To take prompt legal action against environmental pollution, the government has
recently set up Environment courts. The Environment Conservation Rules 1997 has
also been passed by the Parliament. The Department of Environment is taking
measures to carry out surveys on identification and control of polluting industries,
river pollution and automobile pollution.
Contract laws
Dairy farmers work hard every day to bring you fresh, great tasting, wholesome milk
products. Almost all dairies are family-owned, and as active members of their communities,
farm families take pride in feeding our country and maintaining natural resources. That
means preserving the land where they live and work, protecting the air and water they share
with neighbors, and providing the best care for their cows—the lifeblood of their business.

48
Consumer protection
This note on the Consumer Protection Act and its implications for the dairy industry has been
written by an engineer with experience in the food and dairy industry, having been involved
in various dairy projects as an engineer at APV, and who is now an attorney and a patent
attorney specializing in the Consumer Protection Act (from the supplier’s perspective),
product liability, and other aspects of technology related law.
Trade union
Bangladesh's government agreed on Monday to allow the country's 4 million garment
workers to form trade unions without prior permission from factory owners, a major
concession to campaigners lobbying for widespread reforms to the industry following a
building collapse last month that killed more than 1,100 people.
The cabinet decision came a day after the government announced a plan to raise the
minimum wage for garment workers, who are paid some of the lowest wages in the world to
sew clothing bound for global retailers.
Corporate government
The report provides an in-depth analysis of the Global Market of Milk. It presents the latest
data of the market value, consumption, domestic production, exports and imports, price
dynamics and food balance. The report shows the sales data, allowing you to identify the key
drivers and restraints. You can find here a strategic analysis of key factors influencing the
market. Forecasts illustrate how the market will be transformed in the medium term.

49
Ethical Analysis :-
In 1971 and has, since then, seen an alternation of civilian and military regimes. The success
of the elections that brought current government to power in December2008 can be partly
attributed to the many institutional reforms initiated during the military-backed “care taker
regime” that lasted from 2007 to 2008. The technocratic “caretaker government” was
established after months of violence and instability due to the deterioration of the rapport
between the leading parties and their incapacity to reach an agreement on the formation of the
government.
During those two years civil liberties were significant in the context of the declared state of
emergency. On a somewhat more positive note, the government also engaged in the fight
against corruption with a host of measures including the ratification the UNCAC, undertook a
series of institutional reforms including the reconstitution of the Anti-Corruption
Commission, of the Electoral Commission and these of powers. In what turned out to be a
high speed and high profile anti-corruption drive a large number of high profile officials,
businesspersons and politicians.
Business Ethics :-
To be a subsidiary profession, as male farmers are often more inclined toward field crop
agriculture. Traditionally, the Bangladesh dairy sector has been dominated by the Doodh
wala and Ghosh communities Bangladesh dairy consumption is growing, albeit from
relatively low per capita levels (an estimated 44 milliliters of milk per day). When measured
against the World Health Organization recommended minimum level of 250 milliliters a day,
Bangladesh dairy consumption should increase five-fold. While local milk production has
increased, from 1.78 million metric tons in 2001/02 to 3.46 million metric tons in 2011/12,
domestic supplies are still lagging, and as a result Bangladesh is importing more dairy
products.
In rural Bangladesh, almost two out of every three households rear cattle to produce milk for
personal consumption. Surplus milk can be sold directly to neighbors or in the local market.
The average dairy farm has 3.5 head of cattle, with very low average yields of 200-250 liters
per 305-day lactation. Low herd yields generally reflect poor management practices and
inadequate investment in genetics and veterinary services. In Bangladesh, dairy farming is
generally considered consisting of small-scale intermediaries who collect fresh milk for
processing into ghee, curds, sweets and other products. In the absence of refrigeration, fresh
fluid milk typically represents a very small portion of the market.

Fresh milk processing and marketing in Bangladesh began in 1952, with the establishment of
Eastern Milk Products Limited, a private company, which sold products under the trade name
of Milk Vita. In1965, the company’s ownership was transferred to the Eastern Milk
Producers' Cooperative Union Ltd.,the first milk cooperative in what was then East Pakistan.
After independence, the cooperative was renamed the Bangladesh Milk Producers
Cooperative Union Limited (BMPCUL), and is best known today by its popular brand name,
Milk Vita. Milk Vita is Bangladesh's largest dairy, and currently represents almost half of
country’s total processed milk production. Members of the Milk Vita marketing cooperative
deliver milk to collection points, where it is then transported to a chilling plant before
processing. Milk Vita members receive technical training, livestock genetics, veterinary
and extension services, and various other production inputs.
50

51
DEMOGRAPHICS ANALYSIS :-
Overview :
The population of Bangladesh as of 15 March 2011 is 142.3 million (census 2011 result),
much less than recent (2007–2010) estimates of Bangladesh's population ranging from 150 to
170 million and it is the 8th most populous nation in the world. In 1951, the population was
44 million. It is also the most densely populated large country in the world, and it ranks 11th
in population density, when very small countries and city-states are included.
No Details Statistical Data
01 Population 166,280,712 (July 2014)
02 Age structure (0-14 years) 32.3%
03 Population growth rate 1.6% (2014)
04 Birth rate 21.61 births/1,000 population (2014)
05 Death rate 5.64 deaths/1,000 population (2014)
06 Life expectancy at birth 70 years (in 2012)

52
Historical populations in millions :-
Year Pop. ±% p.a.
1971 67.8 —
1980 80.6 +1.94%
1990 105.3 +2.71%
2000 129.6 +2.10%
2010 148.7 +1.38%
2012 161.1 +4.09%
Source: OECD/World Bank

53
CHAPTER:- 3
Steepled Analysis
of
Dairy in West Bengal

54
WEST BENGAL
SOCIAL ANALYSIS :-
INCOME DISTRIBUTION
West Bengal has been recognised as one of the important investment destinations in the
country. It has major locational advantages with ports at Kolkata and Haldia, efficient
network of railways, roadways and airways; stable power situation; as well as improved
telecommunication system. It also has a very large number of skilled and qualified technical
persons at different levels. Due to favourable agro-climatic conditions of the State,
innumerable opportunities exists in the areas of agriculture, horticulture, sericulture, tissue
culture and floriculture. The major industrial units in the State include tea, petrochemicals,
electronics, leather, information technology, automobiles, etc. In addition, magnific ent
landscapes makes the State a tourist hotspot.
Demographics
In 1901, Birbhum had a population of 902,280, which by 1981 rose to 2,095,829. According
to the 2001 census data, the total population has further risen to 3,015,422. The following
table summarises the population distribution:[30]
Rural/Urban Persons Males Females
Total 3,015,422 1,546,633 1,468,789
Rural 2,757,002 1,414,097 1,342,905
Urban 258,420 132,536 125,884
Hindus form around 65% of the population according to 2001 census. Muslims are about
33% of the population. There is a sprinkling of other religious groups in the population.
According to the 2001 census, 29.5% of the population belong to the scheduled castes and
6.7% to the scheduled tribes. Other than the those speaking the local dialect of Bengali, there
are tribal Santhals and ten other tribal communities in Birbhum with some presence, amongst
whom Koda, Mahali and Oraons are more common.
According to the 2011 censusBirbhum district has a population of 3,502,387, roughly equal
to the nation of Lithuania or the US state of Connecticut. This gives it a ranking of 84th in
India (out of a total of 640). The district has a population density of 771 inhabitants per

square kilometre (2,000/sq mi) . Its population growth rate over the decade 2001-2011 was
16.15%.Birbhum has a sex ratio of 956 females for every 1000 males, and a literacy rate of
70.9%.
55
Labour And Social Mobility
One of the main features of labour law in India is their multiplicity. Legislation can be
framed by both the centre and the states, since labour is in the Concurrent List of the Indian
constitution. These laws cover both organized industry as well as the unorganized sector.
Laws meant for the
Organized sector can be classified into three main categories—laws on labour management
relations ,laws on establishments and working conditions, and laws on welfare and social
security.
Laws on labour management relations include:
1. Industrial Disputes Act, 1947 which is applicable for any business, trade, service,
employment, occupation other than agricultural operation, hospitals, educational institutions,
certain government departments like defence, domestic service, cooperatives, and group
activities involving less than 10 persons.
2. Industrial Employment (Standing Orders) Act, 1946 for establishments employing 100 or
more persons.
3. Trade Unions Act, 1926 and the Amendment Act, 2001 for establishments with any seven
persons or 10 per cent of the workers, whichever is more, in a trade, employment or
occupation.
Laws on establishments and working conditions include:
4. Factories Act, 1948 for establishments employing 10 persons or more working with aid of
power, or 20 or more persons working without the aid of power.
5. Mines Act, 1952 for all mines, bore holes, oil wells, quarries, open cast workings, and
related activities.
6. Plantations Labour Act, 1951 for all plantations of 5 hectares or more employing 15 per
sons or more.
7. Contract Labour Act, 1970 for organizations or contractors employing 20 persons or more.
8. Payment of Wages Act, 1936 for all non-executives in all establishments earning below a
certain level.
9. Minimum Wages Act, 1948for all occupations and factory establishments, service
establishments, etc., notified in government schedules.
10. Payment of Bonus Act, 1965for establishments employing 20 persons or more.

11. Equal Remuneration Act, 1976 for all establishments, occupations, jobs.Laws on welfare
and social security include:
12. Employees’ Provident Fund Act, 1948 for all organizations employing 20 persons or
more.
13. Employees’ State Insurance Act, 1948 for all registered non-seasonal factories not
enjoying government benefits already.
14. Workmen’s Compensation Act, 1936 for any non-casual worker or those employed other
than for a business.
15. Maternity Benefit Act, 1972 for all factories, mines, plantations, establishments
employing
10 persons or more, in which women are work in
56
Life Style Change:-
Suddenly, SME sector in West Bengal has a reason to smile. The UK Government’s
Department for International Development (DFID) would provide an assistance of UK
Pounds 230 million (about Rs 2,400 Crore) in the form of loans for providing finance to the
SME sector in West Bengal.
Greg Barker, minister of state for energy, climate change and business engagement with
India, Government of UK announced that the money would be routed through institutions
like SIDBI and nationalized banks which in turn would extend funds to the SME sector.
Business ties between UK and India are quite strong. UK is the third largest investor in India,
while India is the fifth largest investor in the UK. However, this is first time that Government
of UK has formed DFID which will be responsible for improving business ties with India.
While addressing a seminar on ‘UK and West Bengal in Partnership’ here last week, the
minister said the two-way trade between UK and India is likely to double by 2015 while
investment both way was growing too.
Barker, who visited Kolkata with British Prime Minister David Cameron in November last
year, said, there were visible changes happening in the city and state. “The West Bengal
government is also supportive in nature,” he said.
In his last visit to the city, Barker had signed an agreement with the Kolkata Municipal
Corporation to collaborate in the development of sustainable, low carbon and climate change
resilient metropolis. The UK government would provide funds to the corporation through the
DFID.

57
Work Career & Leisure Attitude :
Employment is clearly one of the most significant issues in terms of the living conditions of
the people in West Bengal today. Quite simply, there are not enough jobs for all the people
who are willing r forced to work. The rate of employment generation in terms of aggregate
main work has been lower than the rate of expansion of the population, and substantially
lower than the rate of income growth. As a result, the pattern of job creation has shifted
towards, more casual, marginal, part-time and insecure contracts or self-employment .In this
respect, the state‘s experience has been similar to the rest of the country, although slightly
better than the all-India average .All over India, the period since the early 1990s has been
quite dismal from the point of view of employment generation, with sharp, and even startling,
decreases in the rate of employment generation in both rural and urban areas. For India as a
whole, the collapse in rural employment has been the most marked, with all forms of rural
employment ( principal as well as subsidiary activities) increasing by less than 0.6 per cent
per year over the period 1993-94 to 1999-2000, that is around one-third the rate of growth of
rural population. Most of this poor employment generation was because of the decline in
absolute employment in agriculture for India as a whole; non-agricultural employment in the
rural areas did not increase fast enough to make up for this decline. Even in the urban areas,
aggregate employment grew less lowly than before, although the deceleration was less
marked than for rural areas
Entreneunial spirit :-
The green revolution has been the dominant orientation for rural development programmes in
India for over two decades now. As a strategy it implied the introduction of high yielding
varieties, extensive use of farm machinery, energized well- irrigation, use of high doses of fer-tilizers
and pesticides directed at improving farm production. It was optimistically reckoned
that from this would emerge lasting solutions to the perpetual problem of rural poverty and
hunger.
This paper examines the extensive literature which has accumulated about the green
revolution with a view to determine the nature of impact of the developmental strat egy on
different sections of rural society. Has the green revolution succeeded in reducing socio-economic
inequalities in rural India? Since 1967 when the High Yielding Varieties (of seeds)
Programmer (HYVP) was consciously introduced in Indian agriculture, a lot has been written
for and against the green revolution. It would, however, be erro neous to equate the green
revolution with HYVP alone.

58
Education
Employment opportunities exist in both government and private sectors. The National Dairy
Development Board (NDDB), a multi- locational organisation involved in planning,
implementing, financing and supporting farmer-owned professional agri-business enterprises
is the core PSU in this field. However, with almost every state aping Amul’s ‘cooperative’
success, employment opportunities have increased manifold for technologists and managers,
both in production and marketing.
With the entry of multinational giants like Nestle, Cadburys, Britannia, Kellogg's, Heritage
Foods, KFC, HLL, etc. into the Indian market, employment opportunities as well as salaries
have received a further boost.
Living Condition:-
Food Processing Industries Survey, West Bengal Dairy During the year 2010-11 on and
average 385.19 TKPD milk was procured from various District Milk Unions covering 1869
functional societies and 2.57 lac farmer members. Major portion of the procured milk was
supplied to different urban dairies and part of the milk was marketed in local towns and
Kolkata as processed milk and milk products. The Federation is also implementing Women
Dairy Cooperative Project (WDCP) funded by the Ministry of HRD, Govt. of India and
thereby empower ring the women economically and socially. Already 599 Societies have
been organized with 57,591 women members pouring on an average 39361 kgs. of milk per
day.
Goverment Research Spending :-
The State of West Bengal has a long tradition of backyard poultry keeping and poultry-related
policies – it ranks third in India in terms of poultry population (61 millions), records
the highest poultry density (683 birds/sqkm) and boasts the highest per-capita consumption of
eggs in the country (34 eggs/year) (FAO, 2008; GoWB, 2004). In particular, since 2005 the
Directorate of Animal Resources and Animal Health of the Government of West Bengal has
been implementing a State sponsored Family-based Scheme, whereby the
22 State Poultry Farms distribute poultry birds to rural households with the objective to
establish small- scale, self-sustainable poultry production units, which can provide a small but
steady income to rural dwellers. Between 2005 and 2008, about 5 million birds have been
distributed to around 500,000 households, which allegedly makes the Poultry Distribution
Scheme the largest poultry programme in India, if not worldwide.

59
Technology Analysis :-
Industry Focused On Technological Affect :-
Post 1991, milk processing in large-scale plants was de-licensed and opened for domestic and private
players to participate. The Indian Dairy sector, at the time of liberalisation, was replete with many
inefficient, obsolete and sub-scale units, which faced direct threat from domestic and foreign
competition .Keeping in mind the employment and livelihoods contribution of these small and
cottage dairy processing units, the Government of India announced the Milk and Milk Products
Order (MMPO) in 1992, under the provisions of the Essential Commodities Act, 1955. The operation
of MMPO was largely limited to registration of dairy firms in the organised sector, though as a policy,
it had three major objectives: Augment the supply of milk in milk deficient regions of the country,
and ensure a certain minimum quality standard. Inspection and certification of dairy units for quality
control, health and hygiene. Maintain a database on the status of the organised dairy sector in the
country.
New Invention And Devlopment :
West Bengal is a state in the eastern region of India and is the nation's fourth-most populous
state, with over 91 million inhabitants. Spread over 34,267 sq mi (88,750 km2), it is bordered
by the countries of Bangladesh, Nepal and Bhutan, and the Indian states of Odisha,
Jharkhand, Bihar, Sikkim, and Assam. The state capital is Kolkata. Together with the
neighboring nation of Bangladesh and parts of the state of Tripura, it makes up the ethno-linguistic
region of Bengal.
Ancient Bengal was the site of several major Vedic kingdoms. It was part of large Indian
empires such as the Maurya empire (second century BC) and Gupta Empire (fourth century
AD); and part of the regional Pala Empire (eighth to 11th century) and Sena dynasty (11th–
12th century). From the 13th century onward, the region was ruled by several sultans, Hindu
kings and Baro-Bhuyan landlords, until the beginning of British rule in the 18th century. The
British East India Company cemented their hold on the region following the Battle of Plassey
in 1757, and Calcutta served for many years as the capital of British India. The early and
prolonged exposure to British administration resulted in expansion of Western education,
culminating in development in science, institutional education, and social reforms of the
region, including what became known as the Bengal Renaissance. A hotbed of the Indian
independence movement through the early 20th century, Bengal was divided during India's
independence in 1947 along religious lines into two separate entities: West Bengal—a state
of India—and East Bengal—a part of the newly created Pakistani Dominion—later becoming
the independent nation of Bangladesh in 1971.

60
Rate Of Technology Transfer :-
Installation of New Plant & machinery
Thorough Renovation of existing plants
Redefining the Raw Milk Procurement system
Reframing the Packaged milk and milk products distribution system
Diversification to value-added dairy products.
Life Cycle & Speed Of Technological Obsolesence :-
the largest cattle and buffalo population in the world but average milk production per cow or
buffalo is very low in comparison with advanced countries. Low milk production in India is
probably due to low genetic potential for milk production, poor nutrition, management and
adverse agro climatic conditions. The state of West Bengal is also blessed with a high cattle
and buffalo population but in relation to milk production the problem is the same. To cope
with the problem, various breeding strategies are in vogue with adoption of exotic germ
plasm for higher milk production since 1960.
The present study was conducted with the object to study the adaptation of exotic germ plasm
in the tropical agro-climates of West Bengal with the aim to reduce the age of first calving,
calving interval, and extend lactation length as well as 300 days' milk yield and thus to get a
more economic return from dairy farming. The Hariana breed was taken as a base population
with exotic germ plasm drawn from Jersey, Holstein Friesian and Brown Swiss. Apart from
the different genetic groups, production effects were also studied in different seasons viz.
winter, summer and monsoon. Genetic parameters were related to all the productive,
reproductive and economic traits.
The present study includes age at first, second and third calving, lactation length and 300
days' lactation yield of three consecutive lactations in Jersey X Hariana (J X H), Holstein
Friesian X Hariana (F X H) and Brown Swiss X Hariana (B X H) half bred cows in a
organized farm of West Bengal.
Energy Cost And Used :-
Petroleum Conservation & Research Association (PCRA) is executing BEE-SME program in
Gujarat Dairy Cluster, supported by Bureau of Energy Efficiency (BEE) with an overall
objective of improving the energy efficiency in cluster units. Gujarat Dairy cluster is one of
the very important clusters in India. Gujarat is 5thlargest milk producer state in India. This
itself explains the importance of dairy cluster in Gujarat State. Accordingly this cluster was
chosen for energy efficiency improvements by implementing energy efficient
measures/technological up gradation, so as to facilitate maximum replication in other dairy
clusters in India. The main energy forms used in the cluster units are grid electricity, Natural
gas and small quantity of diesel oil.

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