3. From an architectural standpoint, it is
classified as,…
 POINT TO POINT LINKS
 DISTRIBUTION NETWORKS
 LOCAL AREA NETWORKS

4. • They transport information, available in the form
of a digital bit stream
• The link length can vary from less than a
kilometer to 1000’s of kilometer
• They are used for high speed transmission
• Optical regenerators should perform,
1. Re-amplification
2. Re-shaping
3. Re-timing

5. System Requirements,
1. Transmission Distance
2. Data Rate for a given BER

6. o Attenuation
o Distance Bandwidth Product
o Cost of the connectors
o Splicing
Then decide,
• single or multimode fiber
• step or graded index fiber

7. Large number of users within a local area

10. PN = (PT /N)(1−δ )log2N
where ,
δ is the insertion loss of each directional coupler.
δ = 0.05
PT =1 Mw
PN = 0.1 μW
N can be as large as 500

11. PN = PTC[(1−δ )(1−C)]N−1
where ,
PT is the transmitted power
C is the fraction of power coupled out at each tap
δ accounts for insertion losses, assumed to be the
same at each tap
N should not exceed 60.

15.  Link Power Budget
◦ There is enough power margin in the system
to meet the given BER
 Rise Time Budget
◦ Each element of the link is fast enough to
meet the given bit rate

16. Receiver sensitivities Vs bit rate

18. •Emission
wavelength
•Spectral line width
(FWHM) and
number of modes
•Output power
•Stability
•Emission pattern
•Effective radiating
area

19.  Type of detector
APD: High sensitivity but complex, high bias
voltage (40V or more) and expensive
PIN: Simpler, thermally stable, low bias
voltage (5V or less) and less expensive
 Responsivity (that depends on the avalanche
gain & quantum efficiency)
 Operating wavelength and spectral selectivity
 Speed (capacitance) and photosensitive area
 Sensitivity (depends on noise and gain)

20. Wavelength LED Systems LASER
Systems.
800-900 nm 150 Mb/s.km 2500 Mb/s.km
(Typically
Multimode
Fiber)
1300 nm (Lowest 1500 Mb/s.km 25 Gb/s.km
dispersion) (InGaAsP Laser)
1550 nm (Lowest 1200 Mb/s.km Up to 500
Attenuation) Gb/s.km
(Best demo)

21.  If the signal is detected by a receiver that
requires a minimum average power at the bit
rate B, the maximum transmission distance is
limited
 The system requirements typically specified in
advance are the bit rate B and the
transmission distance L
 The performance criterion is specified through
the bit-error rate (BER), a typical requirement
being BER < 10−9.

22. • When the dispersion-limited transmission
distance is shorter than the loss-limited
distance of the system is said to be dispersion
limited.
BL ≤ (4|D|σλ )−1
• A solution to the dispersion problem is
offered by dispersion-shifted fibers for
which dispersion and loss both are minimum
near 1.55 μm.

23. o The purpose of the power budget is to ensure
that enough power will reach the receiver to
maintain reliable performance during the entire
system lifetime
o The minimum average power required by the
receiver is the receiver sensitivity
o It is expressed in dBm

24. • Used to ensure that the system is able to operate
properly at the intended bit rate
• Even if the bandwidth of the individual system
components exceeds the bit rate, it is still possible
that the total system may not be able to operate at
that bit rate
• It is used to allocate the bandwidth among
various components

25. • The rise time Tr of a linear system is defined as the
time during which the response increases from 10 to
90% of its final output value when the input is
changed abruptly.
• When the input voltage across an RC circuit
changes instantaneously from 0 to V0, the output
voltage changes as,
Vout(t) =V0[1−exp(−t/RC)]

27.  Here we focus on the factors that limit the
performance of amplified fiber links
 It depends on following factors,
1. Performance - limiting factor
2. Terrestrial light wave systems
3. Undersea light wave systems

29. The sensitivity of the optical receiver in a realistic
lightwave system is affected by several physical
phenomena which, in combination with fiber
dispersion, degrade the SNR at the decision circuit

30. Among the phenomena that degrade the receiver
sensitivity are,
1. Modal noise
2. Dispersion broadening
3. Intersymbol interference
4. Mode-partition noise
5. Frequency chirp
6. Reflection feedback.