3. 3
Why are machines not guarded?
No one would stick their arm, hand,
finger, head, etc. in there.
No one is supposed to be back there, in
there, around it while it is running.
The machine came that way; it never had
a guard.
I’ve been doing it this way for twenty
years without any problems.
4. 4
Why are machines not guarded? (cont.)
The guard is in the way
The OSHA inspector didn’t say anything
about it.
We’ll put it back on if OSHA comes.
5. 5
Emphasis on Amputations :
Where does it apply?
General industry employers
whose workplaces include:
shears
saws
slicers
slitters
power presses
(the 4s and a P)
6. 6
Requirements for Safeguards
Prevent contact - prevent worker’s body or clothing
from contacting hazardous moving parts
Secure - firmly secured to machine and not easily
removed
Protect from falling objects - ensure that no objects can
fall into moving parts
Create no new hazards - must not have shear points,
jagged edges or unfinished surfaces
Create no interference - must not prevent worker from
performing the job quickly and comfortably
Allow safe lubrication - if possible, be able to lubricate
the machine without removing the safeguards
7. 7
Where machine hazards occur:
Point of operation
Mechanical power transmission
Other moving parts
16. 16
Fixed Guard
Provides a barrier - a permanent part of the
machine, preferable to all other types of guards.
17. 17
Interlocked Guard
When this type of guard is opened or removed, the
tripping mechanism and/or power automatically
shuts off or disengages, and the machine cannot
cycle or be started until the guard is back in place.
Interlocked
guard on
revolving drum
18. 18
Adjustable Guard
Provides a barrier which may be adjusted to
facilitate a variety of production operations.
Bandsaw blade
adjustable guard
19. 19
Self-Adjusting Guard
Provides a barrier which moves according to
the size of the stock entering the danger area.
Circular table saw
self-adjusting guard
23. 23
Pullback Device
Utilizes a series of cables
attached to the operator’s
hands, wrists, and/or arms
Primarily used on machines
with stroking action
Allows access to the point of
operation when the slide/ram
is up
Withdraws hands when the
slide/ram begins to descend
24. 24
Pullback Device (cont’d)
Hands in die, feeding
Point of operation
exposed
Pullback device attached
and properly adjusted
Die closed
Hands withdrawn from
point of operation by
pullback device
25. 25
Restraint Device
Uses cables or straps
attached to the operator’s
hands and a fixed point
Must be adjusted to let the
operator’s hands travel
within a predetermined
safe area
Hand-feeding tools are
often necessary if the
operation involves placing
material into the danger
area
26. 26
Safety Tripwire Cables
Device located around
the perimeter of or near
the danger area
Operator must be able to
reach the cable to stop
the machine
27. 27
Two-Hand Control
Requires constant,
concurrent pressure to
activate the machine
The operator’s hands are
required to be at a safe
location (on control buttons)
and at a safe distance from
the danger area while the
machine completes its
closing cycle
28. 28
Gate
Movable barrier device which protects the operator at the
point of operation before the machine cycle can be started
If the gate does not fully close, machine will not function
Gate Open Gate Closed
29. 29
Safeguarding by Location/Distance
Locate the machine or its
dangerous moving parts
so that they are not
accessible or do not
present a hazard to a
worker during normal
operation
Maintain a safe distance
from the danger area
30. 30
Automatic Feed
(shown on power press)
Transparent
Enclosure
Guard
Stock Feed
Roll
Danger
Area
Completed Work
31. 31
Robots
Machines that load and
unload stock, assemble
parts, transfer objects,
or perform other tasks
Best used in high-
production processes
requiring repeated
routines where they
prevent other hazards to
employees
32. 32
Protective Shields
These do not give complete protection from
machine hazards, but do provide some protection
from flying particles, splashing cutting oils, or
coolants.
33. 33
Holding Tools
Used to place and
remove stock in the
danger area
Not to be used
instead of other
machine safeguards,
but as a supplement
37. 37
1910.212(a)(1)
One or more methods of machine
guarding shall be provided to protect the
operator and other employees in the
machine area from hazards such as those
created by the point of operation, in-
going nip points, rotating parts, flying
chips and sparks.
39. 39
1910.212(a)(5)
When the periphery of the blades of a
fan is less than seven (7) feet above the
floor or working level, the blades shall be
guarded. The guard shall have openings
no larger than 1/2 inch.
43. 43
1910.213(b)(1)
A mechanical or electrical power control
shall be provided on each machine to
make it possible for the operator to cut
off the power from each machine without
leaving his position at the point of
operation.
44. 44
1910.213(b)(3)
On applications where
injury to the operator
might result if motors
were to restart after
power failures, provision
shall be made to prevent
machines from
automatically restarting
upon restoration of
power.
46. 46
1910.213(c)(1)
Each circular hand-fed ripsaw shall be
guarded by a hood which shall
completely enclose that portion of the
saw above the table and that portion of
the saw above the material being cut.
The hood and mounting shall be
arranged so that the hood will
automatically adjust itself to the
thickness of and remain in contact with
the material being cut without
considerable resistance.
47. 47
1910.213(c)(2)
Each hand-fed circular ripsaw shall be
furnished with a spreader to prevent
material from squeezing the saw or being
thrown back on the operator.
48. 48
1910.213(c)(3)
Each hand-fed circular ripsaw shall be
provided with non-kickback fingers or
dogs so located as to oppose the thrust or
tendency of the saw to pick up the
material or throw it back toward the
operator.
49. 49
1910.213(d)(1)
Each circular crosscut table saw shall be
guarded by a hood which shall meet all
the requirements of 1910.213(c)(1) for
hoods for circular resaws.
51. 51
1910.213(i)(1)
All portions of the saw blade (bandsaws)
shall be enclosed or guarded, except for
the working portion of the blade between
the bottom of the guide rolls and the
table.
52. 52
1910.213(r)(4)
The mention of specific machines in
paragraphs (a) thru (q) and this
paragraph (r) of this section, inclusive, is
not intended to exclude other
woodworking machines from the
requirements that suitable guards and
exhaust hoods be provided to reduce to a
minimum the hazard due to the point of
operation of such machines.
55. 55
1910.215(a)(4)
Work rests shall be adjusted closely to
the wheel with a maximum opening of
one-eighth inch to prevent the work from
being jammed between the wheel and the
rest, which may cause wheel breakage.
56. 56
1910.215(b)(9)
The distance between the wheel
periphery and the adjustable tongue or
the end of the peripheral member at the
top shall never exceed one-fourth inch.
60. 60
1910.217(a)(5)
Press brakes, hydraulic and pneumatic
power presses, bulldozers, hot bending
and hot metal presses, forging presses
and hammers, riveting machines and
similar types of fastener applicators are
excluded from the requirements of this
section.
61. 61
1910.217(b)(4)
The pedal mechanism shall be protected
to prevent unintended operation.
A pad with a nonslip contact area shall
be firmly attached to the pedal.
62. 62
1910.217(b)(6)
A two-hand trip shall have the individual
operator’s hand controls protected
against unintended operation and be
arranged to require use of both hands.
Two-hand trip systems on full revolution
clutch machines shall incorporate an
antirepeat feature.
If two hand trip systems are used on
multiple operator systems, each operator
shall have a separate set of controls.
63. 63
1910.217(b)(7)
Two-hand controls must incorporate an
anti repeat feature, require use of both
hands, be protected against unintended
operation, have one set of controls for
each operator.
If foot control is provided, the selection
between hand and foot control must be
supervised by the employer.
64. 64
1910.217(c)(1)
It shall be the responsibility of the
employer to provide and insure the use of
point of operation guards or properly
applied and adjusted point of operation
devices on every operation performed on
a mechanical power press. See Table O-
10.
65. 65
1910.217(e)(1)
It shall be the responsibility of the
employer to establish and follow a
program of periodic and regular
inspections of power presses.
66. 66
1910.217(e)(3)
It shall be the responsibility of the
employer to insure the original and
continuing competence of personnel
caring for, inspecting, and maintaining
power presses.
68. 68
1910.219(b)(1)
Flywheels located so that any part is 7
feet or less above the floor or platform
shall be guarded.
Wherever flywheels are above working
areas, guards shall be installed having
sufficient strength to hold the weight of
the flywheel in the event of a shaft or
wheel mounting failure.
69. 69
1910.219(c)
Horizontal, vertical, and inclined
shafting must be enclosed.
Projecting shaft ends shall present a
smooth edge and end and shall not
project more than 1/2 the diameter of the
shaft unless guarded by non rotating cap
or safety sleeves.
70. 70
1910.219(d)
Pulleys 7ft. or less above the floor or
platform must be guarded.
Pulleys with cracks or pieces broken out
of rims shall not be used.
71. 71
Portable Power Tools - General Safety
Precautions
1910.242(a)
Employers responsibility
Safe condition of tools
Including personal tools
1910.242(b)
Compressed air not used for cleaning except
where reduced to less than 30 p.s.i. and only
when effective chip guarding and PPE.
73. 73
Power Tools (cont.)
1910.243 (a)(1) –
Portable Circular Saws
Upper blade guard
Lower blade guard
Automatically returns
to starting position
74. 74
Power Tools (cont.)
1910.243(a)(2)
Constant Pressure
Switch
Saws and Chainsaws
Lock-on control
(single motion
turnoff)
75. 75
Pneumatic Power Tools and Hose
1910.243(b)
Tool Retainer – A tool retainer must be
installed on each piece of equipment where
ejection could result
Airhose – Hose and hose connections must
be designed for the pressure and service to
which they are subjected
76. 76
Explosive Actuated Fastening Tools
1910.243(d)
Must meet requirements in ANSI A10.3-
1970
Operators and assistants must wear eye
protection
Head and face protection dependent on
working conditions
77. 77
Explosive Actuated Tools (Cont.)
Muzzle must have protective shield or
guard at least 3 ½ inches in diameter.
Firing must be dependent on at least 2
separate and distinct operations.
Firing mechanism must prevent tool
from firing during loading, while
preparing, if dropped.
78. 78
Explosive Actuated Tools (Cont.)
Tools must not be loaded until just
before intended firing.
Do not point at anyone!
Fasteners not driven into hard/brittle or
easily penetrable material
Tools not used in hazardous atmosphere
Welcome to Executive Introduction to ISO 14000. It will help us today if we have an idea of your expertise and experience. ( Note count and write on flip chart ) Please raise your hand if you have been closely involved in getting your company ISO 9000 registered or implementing and maintaining ISO 9000. Please raise your hand if you are the environmental manager or engineer or if you are involved with implementing environmental activities. Please raise your hand if you are the CEO or have management responsibility at your plant site. In the introduction we want to : (1)provide you with information on where you can get assistance and (2) provide you with a “road map to ISO 14000”, that is the big picture, before we get into the details.
Prevent Contact - A good safeguarding system eliminates the possibility of the operator or other workers placing parts of their bodies near hazardous moving parts. Secure - A safeguard that can easily be made ineffective is no safeguard at all. Guards and safety devices should be made of durable material that will withstand the conditions of normal use and be firmly secured to the machine. Protect from falling objects - A small tool which is dropped into a cycling machine could easily become a projectile that could strike and injure someone. Create no new hazards - A safeguard defeats its own purpose if it creates a hazard of its own such as a shear point, a jagged edge, or an unfinished surface which can cause a laceration. The edges of guards, for instance, should be rolled or bolted in such a way that they eliminate sharp edges. Create no interference - Any safeguard which impedes a worker from performing a job quickly and comfortably might soon be overridden or disregarded. Proper safeguarding can actually enhance efficiency since it can relieve the worker’s apprehensions about injury. Allow safe lubrication - Locating oil reservoirs outside the guard, with a line leading to the lubrication point, will reduce the need for the worker to enter the hazardous area.
In-running nip point hazards are caused by the rotating parts on machinery. There are three main types of in-running nips. Parts can rotate in opposite directions while their axes are parallel to each other. These parts may be in contact (producing a nip point) or in close proximity to each other (where the stock fed between the rolls produces the nip points). This danger is common on machinery with intermeshing gears and rotating cylinders. Another type of nip point is created between rotating and tangentially moving parts; for example, a chain and a sprocket, a rack and pinion, or the point of contact between a power transmission belt and its pulley. Nip points can also occur between rotating and fixed parts which create a shearing, crushing, or abrading action; for example, spoked handwheels or flywheels, screw conveyors, or the periphery of an abrasive wheel and an incorrectly adjusted work rest.
1910.212(a)(2) As a general rule, power-transmission apparatus is best protected by fixed guards that enclose the danger area. For hazards at the point of operation, where moving parts actually perform work on stock, several kinds of safeguarding are possible.
An interlocked guard may use electrical, mechanical, hydraulic, or pneumatic power or any combination of these. Interlocks should not prevent “inching” by remote control, if required. Replacing the guard should not automatically restart the machine.
Adjustable guards are useful because they allow flexibility in accommodating various sizes of stock, but, because they require adjusting, they are subject to human error.
Self-adjusting guards avoid the potential for human error associated with adjustable guards.
Tripwire cables must be manually reset to restart the machine.
This kind of control requires a part-revolution clutch, brake, and brake monitor if used on a power press as shown. A similar device, known as a two-hand trip , requires concurrent application of both of the operator’s control buttons to activate the machine cycle, after which the hands are free. This device is used with machines equipped with full-revolution clutches. The trips must be placed far enough from the point of operation to make it impossible for the operators to move their hands from the trip buttons or handles into the point of operation before the first half of the cycle is completed to prevent them from being accidentally placed in the danger area prior to the slide/ram or blade reaching the full “down” position.
Another potential application of this type of device is where the gate is a component of a perimeter safeguarding system. Here the gate may provide protection not only to the operator but to pedestrian traffic as well.
One approach to safeguarding by location is shown in this photo. Operator controls may be located at a safe distance from the machine if there is no reason for the operator to tend it. Another approach is to locate the machine so that a plant design feature, such as a wall, protects the worker and other personnel. Enclosure walls or fences can also restrict access to machines. Another possible solution is to have dangerous parts located high enough to be out of the normal reach of any worker.
Many feeding and ejection methods do not require operators to place their hands in the danger area. In some cases, no operator involvement is necessary after the machine is set up. In other situations, operators can manually feed the stock with the assistance of a feeding mechanism. Properly designed ejection methods do not require operator involvement after the machine starts to function. Using feeding and ejection methods does not eliminate the need for safeguarding. Guards and other devices must be used wherever they are necessary to provide protection from hazards. Automatic feeds reduce the operator exposure during the work process, and sometimes do not require any effort by the operator after the machine is set up and running. The power press shown in the photo above has an automatic feeding mechanism. Notice the transparent fixed enclosure guard at the danger area.
Robots may create hazards themselves. If they do, appropriate guards must be used. The most common technique is to use perimeter guarding with interlocked gates. The American National Standards Institute (ANSI) safety standard for industrial robots, ANSI/RIA R15.06-1999, presents certain basic requirements for protecting the worker. However, when a robot is used in a workplace, the employer should accomplish a comprehensive operational safety and health hazard analysis and then implement an effective safeguarding system which is fully responsive to the situation. [Various effective safeguarding techniques are described in ANSI B11.19-1990 (R1997).] Studies in Sweden and Japan indicate that many robot accidents did not occur under normal operating conditions, but rather during programming, program touch-up, maintenance, repair, testing, setup, or adjustment. During these operations, workers may temporarily be within the robot’s working envelope where unintended operation could result in injuries.
Miscellaneous aids, such as these, do not give complete protection from machine hazards, but may provide the operator with an extra margin of safety.
