The document is a seminar presentation by Vivek Shukla and Ritesh on the phylum Vertebrata, specifically focusing on the class Mammalia. It discusses the key characteristics of mammals including being warm-blooded, having hair and mammary glands, and giving live birth. The presentation covers the classification, anatomy and physiology of mammals such as their organ systems, diet, and evolutionary history from early apes to humans.

1. 1
By: Vivek Shukla & Ritesh Gupta
Sub Teacher : Mrs. Sachi Sachan
1/2/2014

2. Seminar on
Phylum
Vertebrata
By : Vivek Shukla and Ritesh
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1/2/2014

3. Subphylum 2. Gnathostomata
3
CLASS 6.
MAMMALIA
By : Vivek Shukla and Ritesh
1/2/2014

4. Classification of Vertebrata
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6. Salient Feature
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7. General Characters
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 They are warm blooded and most evolved animals of Animal


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Kingdom.
Skin is provided with Hairs, Sweat glands & Sebaceous glands.
The forelimbs and hind limbs are variously adapted for walking,
running, climbing, burrowing, swimming or flying.
Wings are absent (except in bats).
The teeth are present within the socket of jaws (thecodont
dentition) & are differentiated into incisors, canines, premolars
and molars (heterodont).
They have bone marrow.
By : Vivek Shukla and Ritesh
1/2/2014

8. By : Vivek Shukla and Ritesh
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9.  Respiration is through lungs only.
 The heart is four - chambered with two auricles and two
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ventricles,
They are viviparous forms of life, i.e., the young ones
are born directly (except platypus & echidna) (& some
give birth to very poorly developed young ones like
kangaroo).
A muscular diaphragm is present that separates thoracic
cavity from the abdominal cavity.
The females are provided with milk producing
mammary glands that secrete milk for the nourishment
of the young. In males, they become vestigeal.
Body is divisible into head, neck, trunk and tail.
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13.  The
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red blood corpuscles are non- nucleated
biconcave (except in camel).
External ear (pinnae) present. Middle ear with three
ossicles (malleus, incus and stapes).
The developing embryo gets the nutrition and oxygen
through the placenta.
Excrete urea (ureotelic animals).
They live in all kind of habitats from equator to poles.
They are primarily terrestrial animals.
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16. Urinary bladder – need more water per day.
Advanced kidneys – filter more blood.
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17. Phylogeny
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• Separated into three groups
•
Prototheria (before gestation) – egg
laying mammals
•
Metatheria (middle gestation) –
pouched mammals
•
Eutheria (true gestation) – live birth
from uterus
Phylogeny – Evolutionary history of organisms
Gestation – the time period between fertillisation and parturition
(delivery ).
By : Vivek Shukla and Ritesh
1/2/2014

18. Milk
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Produced in mammary glands
 May have been sweat glands
 Feed young, increase success
By : Vivek Shukla and Ritesh
1/2/2014

19. Types of teeth
 Incisors – cutting
 Canines – can be enlarged, piercing
 Carnassal – shearing, remove meat from bones
 Molars - grinding
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By : Vivek Shukla and Ritesh
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20. Cardiovascular System
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 Body temperature is internally regulated
(endothermic)
 Heart is 4-chambered
 High metabolism
 Heart rate – depends
on size of animal
(smaller = faster rate)
By : Vivek Shukla and Ritesh

21. Reproductive System
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Dioecious (unisexual)
 Highly variable in shape.
 Placental mammals.
 Nonplacental mammals.
By : Vivek Shukla and Ritesh
1/2/2014

22. Reproductive System
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 Most mammals are viviparous, giving birth to live
young. However, the five species of monotreme,
the platypuses and the echidnas, lay eggs. The
monotremes
have
a
sex
determination
system different from that of most other mammals.
In particular, the sex chromosomes of a platypus are
more like those of a chicken than those of a therian
mammal.
By : Vivek Shukla and Ritesh
1/2/2014

23. Digestive System
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Length differs based on diet
 Predators
short
 Herbivores very long
 Omnivores medium length
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1/2/2014

24. Skeletal system
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 The majority of mammals have seven cervical
vertebrae (bones in the neck),
including bats, giraffes, whales, and humans. The
exceptions are the manatee and the two-toed sloth,
which have only six cervical vertebrae, and the threetoed sloth with nine cervical vertebrae.
By : Vivek Shukla and Ritesh
1/2/2014

25. Nervous System
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 All mammalian brains possess a neocortex, a brain
region unique to mammals. Placental mammals have
a corpus callosum, unlike monotremes and
marsupials. The size and number of cortical areas
(Brodmann's areas) is least in monotremes (about 810) and most in placentals (up to 50).
By : Vivek Shukla and Ritesh
1/2/2014

26. Feeding
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 To maintain a high constant body temperature is energy
expensive – mammals therefore need a nutritious and
plentiful diet. While the earliest mammals were probably
predators, different species have since adapted to meet their
dietary requirements in a variety of ways. Some eat other
animals
–
this
is
a
carnivorous
diet
(and
includes
insectivorous
diets).
Other
mammals,
called herbivores, eat plants. A herbivorous diet includes
subtypes
such
as
fruit-eating
and
grass-eating.
An omnivore eats both prey and plants. Carnivorous
mammals have a simple digestive tract, because
the proteins, lipids, and minerals found in meat require little
in the way of specialized digestion. Plants, on the other hand,
contain complex carbohydrates, such as cellulose.
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1/2/2014

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 The digestive tract of an herbivore is therefore host
to bacteria that ferment these substances, and make
them available for digestion. The bacteria are either
housed in the multichambered stomach or in a
large cecum. The size of an animal is also a factor in
determining diet type. Since small mammals have a
high ratio of heat-losing surface area to heatgenerating volume, they tend to have high energy
requirements and a high metabolic rate.
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1/2/2014

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 Mammals that weigh less than about 18 oz (500 g) are
mostly insectivorous because they cannot tolerate the
slow, complex digestive process of a herbivore. Larger
animals, on the other hand, generate more heat and less
of this heat is lost. They can therefore tolerate either a
slower collection process (those that prey on larger
vertebrates) or a slower digestive process (herbivores).
Furthermore, mammals that weigh more than 18 oz (500
g) usually cannot collect enough insects during their
waking hours to sustain themselves. The only large
insectivorous mammals are those that feed on huge
colonies of insects (ants or termites).
By : Vivek Shukla and Ritesh
1/2/2014

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Some examples are :
1
By : Vivek Shukla and Ritesh
&
2
1/2/2014

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1/2/2014

33. By : Vivek Shukla and Ritesh
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34. Evolution
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APES TO HUMAN
1&2
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1/2/2014

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37. By : Vivek Shukla and Ritesh
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